World History MIDTERM Review - Quizlet #1 (Renaissance - Indian Ocean Trade and Gunpowder Empires)

Just because something is bold doesn't mean you can ignore everything else!

Don't forget there are 2 other quizlets too... https://quizlet.com/user/PEMilanL/folders/modern-world-history-midterm-quizlets

Use the bold to focus on main ideas. The other information is more detailed, but still important!

When was the Renaissance?

Roughly 15th Century to 17th Century

What does Renaissance mean?

Rebirth (of classical learning, art, and literature)

Who was Raphael?

Lived from 1483-1520

He made paintings of the Madonna

Most famous for the School of Athens (which was commissioned by Pope Julius II)

His works depict Christian themes as well as Ancient Greek and Roman scientists and philosophers

Who was Leonardo Da Vinci?

Lived from 1452 - 1519

Widely acclaimed painter, advisor to kings, was an engineer, physiologist, botanist, inventor, etc.

Basically an ideal "Renaissance Man"

Painted the Mona Lisa, the Last Supper, and the Vitruvian man

Who was Sandro Botticelli?

Lived from 1445-1510

Drew secular paintings (sometime even seen as pagan or non-christian)

Looked to ancient mythology (Greek/Roman) for his paintings

His patron was the Medici Family

Most famous for the Birth of Venus

What are aspects of Renaissance Architecture?

Symmetry, Proportion, Domes, and Columns

What kinds of goods were exchanged in Indian Ocean trade?

It was easier to trade over sea than over land so you could ship more items in bulk (rice, bananas, silk, jade, silver, ivory, spices, slaves, timber (teak forests of India) and horses)

How did geography affect Indian Ocean trade?

Seasonal monsoon winds blew ships back and forth consistently allowing stable trade (east in summer, west in winter)

Was not between countries or regions but between specific merchant towns

How did technology impact Indian Ocean trade?

Bigger ships and improved technology

The Dhow (from Arabian peninsula) had a lateen (or triangle) sail which could sail upwind

The Junk (Chinese) was a large trade ship

Compass allowed finding direction in open waters

Astrolabe determined latitude (how far north or south you were)

How did cultural traditions spread through Indian Ocean trade?

Formation of port cities where markets were, these port cities grew and became urban centers with different cultures and religions (such as Islam, which spreads very heavily)

Wealthy trade states form (ex. Srivijaya)

Diaspora communities form (Migrants who stay with others from country of origin, to help trade in a new country with people from their old country)

Where were the Benin bronzes from?

Excavated in Nigeria, they are bronze masks and casts that show the history of Nigeria and of the kings/queens that lived

What was the Ming Dynasty (all aspects)?

Strong military (pushed out Mongols, built much of Great Wall of China)

Technology (printing, paper, compass, gunpowder, junk ships)

Economy (Very self-sufficient, EXPORTERS not importers)

Cultural (Focused on the past (Confucianism) which heavily slowed innovation and new technology, built the Forbidden City, Temple of Heaven)

Political (Bureaucracy (a government managed by officials based on merit), civil service exams, centralized government with Mandate of Heaven)

Exploration (Voyages of Zheng He (look at DBQ documents for more info))

Why did the Ming decline?

Internal reasons: the weather - the Little Ice Age was a cold period of time and caused a lot less crops to grow making people riot for more food

External reasons: Manchus - Ming was invaded by the Manchurians who broke past the great wall (came from Northeast China)

What was the Qing Dynasty (all aspects)?

The minority group of Manchus take over leading the Chinese majority

Did not allow intermarriage, keeping the two separate

Empire grew to include roughly modern borders of China today

Why did the Renaissance begin in Italy? (Multiple reasons)

It was the gateway between East and West in the Mediterranean

It had a wealthy merchant class

There was classical heritage of Rome and Greece in Italy

There was a strong central banking system (ex. the Medici Family)

Who was Niccolo Machiavelli?

Author of "The Prince"

The Father of Political Science

He said that rulers should be strong and merciless

Good/Evil did not matter for a ruler

Private morality (like kindness) should not apply to public affairs like ruling

What is Humanism?

Doing what is best for the state and society (focusing on humans/secular ideas)

Began when individuals started to study ancient classics in the hope of reviving ancient values

Secular means focusing on life on earth instead of the afterlife

The Father of Humanism is Petrarch

What is a Renaissance Man?

An individual of the Renaissance who was educated/proficient in a wide range of fields

What are some aspects of Renaissance Art?

Vivid, bright colors

Idealized beauty

Linear perspective (depth/realism)

"Chiaroscuro" (Italian word meaning light vs dark)

Balance and Symmetry

Classical Themes (Greek, Roman, and Biblical Figures)

Who was Michelangelo?

Lived from 1475-1564

Sculpted the David and painted the Birth of Adam

Painted the Sistine Chapel Frescoes (paintings on the ceiling)

Created new painting style called Mannerism which was exaggerating proportion, balance, and beauty to create an asymmetrical and elegant look

Why did the Qing decline?

Opium wars and unequal treaties because they lost to the Western powers which made them lose lots of territories and lose their sovereignty (the ability to control yourself and your country/people)

Rebellions and internal unrest + Ethnic and Cultural unrest

Lack of modernization (conservative leaders stopped adapting to global changes)

Foreign influence (Western power control)

How did geography influence Japan?

Four major and many smaller islands (size of California total)

Close to China to be affected but still far enough to be separate

Many good harbors which led to trade and fishing being very important

Mountains limited farmland and very little to no natural resources except for a little bit of coal

What was the hierarchy of Tokugawa Japan?

Emperor (less power than shogun but still technically at the top) then

Shogun (more power than emperor) then

Daimyo then

Samurai then

Peasants/Artisans then

Merchants last

How did feudalism in Japan work?

Emperor (Mikado) ruled in theory but actually had no power

Shogun was the most powerful lord (military dictator), controlled military, finance, lawmaking, and justice

Daimyos were local lords who had private armies and their own estates

Samurai were the warriors

Farmers, artisans, and merchants filled the rest, with merchants being considered the lowest

Who were the Tokugawa Shoguns?

Maintained peace and prosperity

Edo (Now Tokyo today), their political capital, became the economic and cultural center

Tokugawa shoguns accustomed the Japanese to shogun style ruling and centralized military control but delayed evolution of government due to their strict control

Who were the Daimyos of Tokugawa Japan?

Had a lot of power but were controlled strictly by Shogun

The Bakufu (military government designed to control Daimyos) worked like this:

Castles (Daimyos could only have one castle, everything else was destroyed to stop them getting too much power)

Marriage (Shogun had to approve all Daimyos' marriages)

Sankin Kotai System (Shogun took families of Daimyos hostage and if the Daimyos rebelled the Shogun killed the families)

Who were the Samurai?

The warrior class of Japan, they were soldiers, peacekeepers, and rulers of Japan for almost 700 years

They lived violent, exciting, and often short lives

In war, fighters, but in peacetime they were peaceful gentlemen who appreciated poetry, art, and philosophy

Followed the Bushido or the code of honor (ethical behavior, self-discipline, loyalty, respect)

What was the Bushido (code of honor)?

Similar to European chivalry, it was a code of honor for the Samurai that was required for all Samurai, involving respect and loyalty

The act of Seppuku or suicide was so strong that a Samurai would kill themselves if they dishonored themselves either voluntarily or for an act of sin

How do you deal with threats to power from outside sources in Japan?

The European Age of Exploration happened and so Europeans showed up in Japan seeking gold

They brought guns making swords pointless and spread Christianity (at the time, Shinto was the main religion), which was seen as a threat to the emperor's power because it was against Shinto which worships the emperor

Shogun issued Exclusion Edicts to exclude foreigners, ban foreign trade, persecute Christians, and created basically a bubble around Japan closing themselves off

What were major themes of the gunpowder empires?

The rise of the middle class with expanding trade networks, giving the middle class more prestige and power making money for gunpowder weapons

The rise of trade mainly in the Indian Ocean (along with the Silk Road too)

Empires (keeping peace among diverse people, central government/oligarchy or a small group of people ruling)

What was the Ottoman Empire?

1326-1922 - Began with Osman I, ended with WWI

Located in Anatolia (modern day Turkey)

Mehmed II conquered Constantinople in 1453, renamed to Istanbul

Conquered lots of Europe and parts of Africa and even Asia

Political: had Devshirme, or young Christian boys raised as Islamic slaves for the Sultan, many grew up to serve in the Janissaries, or Sultan's elite army

Multicultural, multiethnic, multireligious, and multilingual society

Were Sunni Islam believers, but were tolerant and embraced Christianity, Judaism, and others

What was the Safavid Empire?

1501-1736 - Began with Ismail, ended by raid of Afghans

Located in Persia (modern day Iran)

Conquered much of the area north of Arabian Peninsula

Political: had a Shah instead of Sultan, who was the ultimate political and religious leader

Used the same Devshirme system, taking kids from farmer and herder families and raising them to become Ghulam, or the Shah's private army

Were Shia Islam believers (Conflict with Sunni Ottomans)

What was the Mughal Empire?

1526-1857 - Began with Babur ended with British colonization of India

Located on Indian sub-continent

Had an emperor/Shah as well, ruler with absolute power even though the population was so diverse it was hard to unify

Were Sunni Islam believers, though it was a minority as the majority of the population were Hindus, creating a caste system for order in Indian society

Where were the Gunpowder Empires?

https://imgur.com/a/D1Yg7C4
Quizlet doesn't allow images unless you have premium