AP Psych Unit 8-Clinical Studies

trephining

holes drilled into a living person's skull to release demonic spirits thought to cause disordered behaviors(demonology)

four humors

Hippocrates said an imbalance in these four things caused mental illness(bodily fluids such as blood, black bile, yellow bile, and phlegm)

moral therapy

Philippe Pinel introduced more humane treatment for mentally ill patients

lobotomy

practice used in the early 20th century which damaged or removed the frontal lobe which ending up causing irreparable damage

antipsychotic drugs

introduced in the 1950s and helped manage psychotic symptoms in patients

insanity

legal term that determines whether one is in control and liable for their own actions

mental incompetence

legal term that describes a person as not being able to defend themselves because of their mental illness

HIPPA

Health Protection Portability and Accountability Act
- this sets limits on the sharing of client or patient
information

what are some rules dictated by HIPPA, and what are some exceptions?

RULES
-info can only be shared with the patient's consent
EXCEPTIONS
-patient is dangerous to themselves or others
-if the court orders that a record is released
-therapist learns of neglect or abuse of children, those that are diabled, or the elderly

psychoanalytic perspective

CAUSE
-internal conflict of id, ego, and superego
EXAMPLE
-repression of traumatic childhood memories into the subconscious that affect a person later on
- rejection causes depression from anger channeled into the unconcsious
Sigmund Freud

humanist perspective

behavior is result of choices in choices we make wihile trying to find meaning in life
CAUSE
-feelings, self-esteem, and self-concept
EXAMPLES
-anxiety caused by gap in current self versus ideal self

cognitive perspective

focus on faulty or negative thinking
EXAMPLE
-unrealistic, negative thoughts lead to depression

behavioral perspective

abnormal behavior is learned, possibly through positive or negative conditioning (reprimand and reward)
EXAMPLE
-conditioned stimulus can cause specific reaction if trained

biological perspective/medical model

CAUSE
-hormonal or neurotransmitter imbalances, differences in brain structure, and inherited predispositions
EXAMPLE
-imbalance influences nervous or endocrine system which can cause severe emotions

diathesis-stress model

David Rosenthal made in 1960s based off quadruplets who all had schizophrenia
CAUSE
combination of biological and environmental causes psychological disorders(DIATHESIS,STRESSORS,PROTECTIVE FACTORS)

diathesis

predisposition by biological susceptibility to mental illness

stressors

environmental events that can trigger biological predisposition(relationships, social expectations, life events)

protective factors

things that can be done to keep from biological predisposition to be reveal

sociocultural model

CAUSE
-societal and cultural influences

cultural syndromes

disorders specific to culture
-Taijin Kyofusho: social anxiety disorder only in Japan
-Susto: severe anxiety in certain regions of Latin America(believed to be caused by religious-magic traumatic event in which the body separated from the soul)

cultural relativism

intersection between psychopathology and culture

biopsychosocial model

integrated model including biological, psychological, and sociocultural models; more thorough approach to psychological disorders

Rosenhan study "On Being Sane in Insane Places"

this study placed people who faked hallucinations in a psychiatric hospitals, who after admittance began to act normally again, where they were diagnosed with an illness and treated with antipsychotic drugs; they concluded that the sane and insane are indistinguishable in psychiatric institutions

schizophrenia

-meaning 'split mind'
-characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech and thought, and emotional and behavioral disturbances
-1% of US population has this
-begins in late teens or early adulthood

delusional beliefs

bizarre beliefs that continue despite proof against it
-persecution delusions include believing others are out to harm them such as aliens, spies, the government, or others
-grandeur delusions make the person believe they are someone very powerful or important

hallcinations

false or distorted perception that seems vividly real to the one experiencing it
-can be visual, olfactory(smell), or auditory
-voices speak negatively of the person or convince them to do things

disorganized speech and thoughts

creating words and mixing words and phrases together(word salad)

emotional and behavioral disturbances

-exaggerated and inappropriate reactions or apathetic reactions
-physically acting abnormally

positive symptoms of schizophrenia

traits added to schizophrenic's personality
-hallucinations
-delusions
-inappropriate emotions
-word salad

negative symptoms

traits taken from schizophrenic's personality
-apathy
-social withdrawal
-disinterest in life

chronic(process) schizophrenia

symptoms develop over a long time and negative symptoms are apparent;likely not affected by stressors

acute(reactive) schizophrenia

occurs at any time of life, typically in response to major emotional event

genetic basis for schizophrenia

increase in risk of developing schizophrenia if there is a family history

dopamine hypothesis

overactivity of certain dopamine neurons can cause schizophrenia, specifically positive symptoms
-antipsychotic medications can help reduce these symptoms

diathesis-stress model

predisposition or diathesis increases risk and stressor triggers it

viral effects

viruses caught by pregnant women can cause fetus to have certain brain abnormalities

neurocognitive disorders

conditions associated with the central nervous system functioning that begin in early childhood
-includes developmental deficits that affect social, intellectual, academic, and/or personal functioning

intellectual development disorder

deficits in general mental abilities
intellectual functioning: learning ability, problem-solving, and reasoning
adaptive behaviors:social, practical, and conceptual skills like not being able to follow rules and being victimized, managing money, personal hygiene, etc.

autism spectrum disorder(ASD)

developmental disorder that centers on repetitive behaviors and social impairments; sensitive to sensory stimulation

attention deficit hyperactivity disorder(ADHD)

neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by inattention and/or impulsive behavior that interferes in day-to-day life

anxiety disorders

tension, apprehension, and worry that occurs during a personal crisis or from everyday life
-negatively impact behavioral and cognitive processes

generalized anxiety disorder(GAD)

persistent, uncontrollable, and ongoing apprehension about a wide range of life situations
-no specific cause
-and cause chronic fatigue and irritability

panic disorder

sudden episodes of extreme anxiety and panic attacks
-can last from 30 seconds to 1 hour
-physical effects such as pounding heart, rapid breathing, sudden dizziness, lightheadedness, choking, sweating, vomiting, and diarrhea

specific phobia disorder

strong, irrational fear of things that are normally considered harmless
ex. germs, public places, closed spaces, blood

depressive/affective (mood) disorders

serious, persistent disturbances in emotions that cause discomfort and limit function

major depressive disorder (unipolar)

lasting depressed mood
-lethargic and discouraged leading to suicidal thoughts
-genetic

persistent depressive disorder

depressed mood that has lasted for at least two years
-milder with no suicidal thoughts

disruptive mood dysregulation disorder(DMDD)

childhood psychological condition with extreme and sometimes frequent outbursts of irritation or
-significantly larger amount of outbursts than average child

seasonal affective disorder(SAD)

loss of energy, sadness, and increased sleep due to lack of light in the winter

bipolar disorder

periods of depression and mania

mania symptoms

-elation -difficulty concentrating
-irritability -feelings of undue power
-racing thoughts -feelings of self-importance
-reckless spending -substance abuse
-insomnia -unsafe sex

depression symptoms

-sadness
-changes in weight or appetite
-lack of interest
-disinterest in interacting
-frequent crying
-feeling guilt or worthless
-problems with money or concentration
-headaches, backaches, or digestive issues
-difficulty or excess sleeping
-suicidal thoughts

bipolar I disorder

repeated episodes of mania and depression

bipolar II disorder

hypomania and depression alternate

rapid-cycling bipolar disorder

frequent episodes of mania, hypomania, or depression -at least 4 episodes in a year

cyclothymia

hypomania alternates with mild depression over two years

obsessive compulsive disorder(OCD)

persistent, repetitive, unwanted thoughts (obsessions) and behaviors (compulsions)
-behaviors are performed to prevent anxiety-provoking thoughts

related obsessive-compulsive disorders

body dysmorphic disorder, hoarding, and trichotillomania (hair pulling)

trauma and stressor related disorders

caused by exposure to traumatic events
EXAMPLES
-anhedonia(inability to experience pleasure)
-dysphoria(intense unease)
-externalized anger
-aggression

acute stress disorder(ASD)

symptoms develop shortly after traumatic event
-symptoms include flashback memories and nightmares, dissociation, sleep disturbance, hypervigilance, and problems processing trauma
-typically caused by violent traumatic events

post traumatic stress disorder(PTSD)

ASD symptoms persist for more than a month or develop six or more months after the trauma
-intense feelings of anxiety, horror, and helplessness
-can be caused by violent crime, military combat, or natural disaster

somatoform disorders

physical complaints or conditions caused by psychological factors

somatic symptom disorder (hypochondriasis)

extreme anxiety about physical symptoms that are interpreted as illness
-frequently meets with doctors and reads about illnesses
-physical symptom is real but out of proportion (acid reflux is perceived as a life-threatening illness)

illness anxiety disorder(IAD)

severe obsession with having or getting a serious illness despite no indication of having one
-either responds with care-seeking or care-avoiding

conversion disorder

paralysis, blindness, deafness, or other loss of sensation with no apparent physical cause

dissociative disorders

disorders of consciousness where a person seems to have a loss of memory or change of identity
-need for escaping from anxiety or stress

dissociative identity disorder (DID)

(also known as multiple personality disorder)
presence of to or more distinct personalities in the same person
-each personality has its own name and lore

depersonalization disorder

person feeling detached from their body

dissociative amnesia

partial or total inability to recall past experiences and information
-typically a response to traumatic or stressful situation

dissociative fugue

suddenly and inexplicably leaving home and taking on a new identity with no memory of their former life
-normal function, but amnesia while in fugue state

anorexia nervosa

life-threatening eating disorder where one intensely fears gaining weight and restricts their diet to a point of extreme weight loss or declining health

bulimia nervosa

potentially life-threatening eating disorder that involves secretive binging then compensatory behavior such as purging

binge eating disorder

most common and involves recurring episodes of excessive eating in a short period of time with an intense lack of self control; doesn't involve purging
-often associated with emotional distress

substance use disorder(SUD)

complex condition where there is uncontrolled use of a harmful substance
-alcohol, tobacoo, or drugs are used to the point where they impair daily function and can cause health issues
-a severe SUD is an addiction

personality disorders

infelxibility and maldaptive behaviors across a range of situations
-become apparent during adolescence or early adulthood

what are the four defining features of personality disorders?

-distorted thinking
-interpersonal difficulties
-problems with impulse control
-problems with emotional responses

CLUSTER A - "odd, suspicious, and eccentric"

defined by patterns of paranoia, social isolation, cognitive or perceptual distortions, and eccentric behavior

paranoid personality disorder

high levels of suspicion of motives and intentions of others without delusions seen with paranoid schizophrenia

schizoid personality disorder

aloof and distant from others with shallow emotions
-seen as 'cold'

schizotypal

odd thinking, often suspicious and hostile, making close relationships difficult

CLUSTER B- "dramatic, emotional, erratic"

causes disruption and possibly harm to self and others

antisocial personality disorder

violating others rights without guilt or remorse, manipulative, exploitive, self-indulgent, and irresponsible
-serial killers are the classic example
-seen in politicians and mercenary business people

histrionic personality disorder

excessively dramatic, egocentric, and attention seeking with a tendency to overreact
-more common in women

narcissistic personality disorder

unrealistically self-important, manipulative, lacking empathy, and unable to take criticism
-more common in men

borderline personality disorder

emotionally unstable, impulsive, unpredictable, irritable, and prone to boredom
-more common in women

CLUSTER C - "anxious and fearful"

symptoms of inadequacy, submission, clinginess, hypersensitivity, and orderliness

avoidant personality disorder

excessively sensitive to potential rejection and humiliation; also excessive social inhibition

dependent personality disorder

excessively lacking in self-confidence, sacrificing ones own needs, and letting others make all of the decisions
-more common in women

obsessive-compulsive personality disorder

preoccupied with rules, schedules, and details, being extremely conventional, serious, and emotionally insensitive

Aaron Beck

-father of cognitive therapy
-introduced cognitive behavioral therapy(CBT)
"behavior, thoughts, and feelings are interrelated and one's core beliefs influence how they see themselves, others, and the future

three dysfunctional belief systems defined by Aaron Beck

1. "I am defective or inadequate"
2. "All of my experiences result in defeats or failure"
3. "The future is hopeless"

Albert Ellis

-establish rational emotive therapy (REBT) which uses philosophy and empirical evidence to treat patient
-REBT states unfortunate circumstances don't disturb but the individual's perception of it does
-very personalized type of therapy
-father of CBT

Sigmund Freud

-father of psychoanalysis
-psychoanalysis uses dialogue between patient and psychoanalyst
-free association is used in these sessions where the patient says whatever comes to mind
-the analyst helps the patient gain access to the unconscious causes of their issue

Mary Cover Jones

-contributed to the desensitization technique
-mother of behavior therapy
-worked on Little Peter experiment

Carl Rogers

-created client-centered therapy
-therapist strives not to fix the client but to establish and meaningful, positive relationship the client can use for personal growth
-unconditional positive regard

B.F. Skinner

-developed theory of Operant Conditioning, using reinforcers or consequences to change behavior
-behavior therapists use this for behavior modification
-ex. token economies

Joseph Wolpe

-diagnosed with PTSD after being an army doctor
-researched reciprocal inhibition
-used systematic desensitization: exposing patient to thing they are afraid to decrease anxiety and desensitize them

insight therapies

helps clients understand root of problems so they may gain better control over their thoughts, feelings, and actions; personal relationship between client and therapist

psychoanalytic/psychodynamic therapy

believes unconscious conflicts and repressed memories are cause
-strives to gain insight into childhood to determine causes
- free association

free association

spontaneous reports of whatever comes to mind
-psychoanalyst asks questions that encourage flow so that the unconscious can be penetrated