History Unit 4

who came up with the geocentric theory

aristotle, ptolemy expanded upon it

who came up with the heliocentric theory

copernicus

who discovered that planets have an elliptical orbit

kepler after studying tycho brahe’s data

what did galileo discover and what happened to him

jupiter’s moons, sun’s dark spots, moon and stars aren’t made of a pure perfect substance, bc he supported copernicus’ theory the church put him on house arrest

what did francis bacon contribute to the scientific revolution

he encouraged empiricism/experimentation instead of relying on conclusions drawn by ancient thinkers

what did rene descartes contribute to the scientific revolution

analytical geometry

what did isaac newton contribute to the scientific revolution

theory of motion and his 3 laws

who was janssen

invented microscopes, 1590

who was gabriel fahrenheit

invented thermometers, 1714

who was william harvey

discovered circulation of the body, veins and arteries

who was jenner

invented smallpox vaccine

what was the enlightenment

An intellectual movement growing out of the scientific revolution

thomas hobbes?

social contract, government with absolute power

john locke?

government must protect life liberty and property, power comes from consent, people are in charge of themselves/improving themselves (self-government). founding principles of modern democracy

5 core beliefs of philosophes

reason, nature, happiness, progress, liberty

voltaire?

defended freedom of speech and religion

montesquieu?

separation of powers, checks and balances

rousseau?

individual freedom, civilization corrupts man’s freedom, social contract: agreement among free individuals to create a society & government (hobbes was an agreement between a society & its government)

beccaria?

laws exist to preserve social order not to avenge crimes, criticized justice system, punishment should be based on the seriousness of the crime, abolish capital punishment

wollstonecraft?

published A Vindication of the Rights of Woman, believed women should have everything that men have, i.e. equal education

what is an enlightened despot

monarchs who embraced new ideas and made reforms that reflected the enlightenment spirit e.g. frederick the great

haiti

starts out as French, western half of the island Hispaniola, founded partly by enslaved Africans who worked on sugar plantations

Toussaint L’Ouverture

former slave, led a revolution of over 100K haitians, kicks out the French in 1801. french return and capture O. but the revolt continues.  revolt is led by one of his deputies, Dessalines. Revolt was successful in 1804, thus independence.

what made bolivar and de San Martin the best leaders of the revolution?

lived in the colonies, 2 criollos: best to lead, least oppressed, most educated.

simon bolivar’s revolution

he is from venezuela, starts revolution in 1811, flees to the mountains, goes back & defeats the spanish in 1819 in Bogota. Venezuela became independent in 1821. Goes everywhere freeing ecuador, Panama, etc. Freed all of grand colombia

jose de san martin’s revolution?

more southern part of south america, Argentina independence in 1816, Liberates chile, Bolivar teams up with san martin and in 1824 they fight the battle of Ayacucho. The spanish r finally defeated peru is liberated woo!! Leads to the rest of the liberation of south america.

what is a mestizo

person of mixed European and Indigenous American ancestry.

Padre Miguel Hidalgo

led 1810 revolution in mexico

where and why did the industrial revolution start

england, result of population growth, increase in demand for goods, they had the right resources and colonies for enslaved labor

pros of industrial revolution

Increased production of goods, Improved transportation and communication, Created new job opportunities, Boosted economic growth and development, Improved standard of living for many people

cons of industrial revolution

increased pollution, lower classes didn’t benefit as much, child labor

Luddites

smashed machines, didn’t like technology cuz it was taking their jobs

marx

first to write about how wrong child labor is, 1840s, believed in communism

define capitalism

modes of production are privately owned, shaped by competition. it was the driving ideology of the industrial revolution

define socialism

everything should be publicly owned by the government. work for the benefit of all. Government should be the representative of the public.

define Utilitarianism

john stewart mill. Actions should be judged by their usefulness. Government should advocate for the greatest good for the greatest number of people. I.e. legal reforms, more education, equality between classes.

define utopianism

founded by  thomas moore. ideal society

who were the aristocrats

people who are benefiting in a major way from the industrial revolution

who were the opposite of the aristocrats

proletariat

child act of 1833?

england,  illegal to hire children under the age of 9

what was marx’s communist manifesto?

equal pay among workers, seizing means of production, government ownership, dismantlement of social structure. History is between haves and have nots. Fears the proletariat will overthrow the bourgeoisie and replace capitalism w/socialism (state controls everything) 

define imperialism

seizure of a country by a stronger country

define colony imperialism

country/territory governed by a large power

define protectorate imperialism

 country/territory w/ own internal govt but under control of outside power

define sphere of influence imperialism

area in which outside power plays domineering hand, may claim exclusive investment/trading privileges e.g. China, Persia/Iran

true or false: japan was imperialized?

false, it was NEVER imperialized

leopold II of belgium’s role in the scramble for africa

sponsored exploration of the congo river, most paternalistic attitude, most cruel & exploitative. was mining for rubber for wheels b/c of industrialization.

what was scientific racism

 social darwinism: diff kinds of people evolve differently

what was the berlin conference?

European countries come together to discuss how they’re going to divide up africa… even as they battled each other (lmao)

true or false: liberia and ethiopia stayed independent thru out the scramble for africa

true

nigeria during the scramble for africa?

most populated african country. is originally a protectorate. locals sign off their freedom to the british for protection.

king menelik II of ethiopia’s role in the scramble for africa?

used diplomacy to play the colonists off against each other, thus Ethiopia did not get colonized.resisting imperialism, yet still modernized.

battle of adwa when and what?

1896,  italians were sneaky, italian & amharic treaties did not match! thus war

who first colonized india?

british east india company

what is a sepoy

local indian soldier

what was the sepoy mutiny of 1857, what started it?

rumors of british greasing their weapons with pork fat/cow grease, they got mad then the british jailed them, revolt. they recapture delhi

were the british ever able to conquer afghanistan?

no, likely due to the mountainous terrain. they colonized it from 1839 to 1919, but weren’t able to fully control it.

what did the british use to weaken china?

opium. by the 1830s chinese society is hooked on opium, asked why opium was banned in britain but encouraged in china

1st opium war?

china lost both. 1st was 1839 to 1842 against the British, China was crushed. thus began to “open” china up. In 1842 the British signed a treaty w/china gov. giving control of Hong Kong, now a part of the British empire. other countries begin to move in, negotiate w/china for extraterritorial rights: your citizens when operating in the ports of china, you aren’t subject to chinese law, basically you can do anything.

2nd opium war?

2nd was 1856 to 1860.  british + french defeat the chinese, thus more ports are open, exploitative.

true or false? china won both opium wars

false, they lost both

open door policy?

1899,  china is open to merchants of all nations, everyone can trade w/no colonization. secretly planning on carving out china.

what kind of imperialism was china subject to?

spheres of influence

role of dowager empress of china, cixi?

ruler of china this whole time. oversaw carving up of china, couldn’t do much about the situation.

what was the boxer rebellion?

chinese peasants in 1900. secret society = society of the righteous and harmonious fists. sows the seed for nationalism in china.

tokugawa shoguns & imperialism?

not open to trade, til 1853 til commander perry threatened them, 1854 japan opened 2 of its ports, 1867: shogun stepped down b/c people were mad at him.

meiji reformation?