unit 3 apush

franchise

franchise

the expansion of voting rights

patronage

promotion of financial aid given by an organization to another one

spoils system

giving positions to those who align with ones ideas

American System

similar to the Commonwealth systems, Clay wanted to use tariffs to enhance the Second Bank and create internal improvements through infrastructure

12th Amendment

the process of electing the president and vice president

“Corrupt Bargain”

supporters of Jackson strongly opposed Adams and Clay’s actions, in which Clay convinced the House to elect Adams instead of Jackson

Tariff of 1828

put further duties on raw materials and textiles

“Old Hickory”

7th president, expanded authority of the presidency and protected New Orleans from Britain

Election of 1828

Van Buren tried to appeal to both the wealthy in the South and artisans in the North to vote for Jackson with alignment to Jefferson. In NY, 50 democratic newspapers openly supported Jackson’s candidacy. Supporters of Jackson were called “the Democracy” or Democrats, arguing that their republic had become corrupt through legislators

John C. Calhoun

promoted state's rights and nullification, which claimed that states had a right to deny policies if they thought it was unconstitutional

Ordinance of Nullification

South Carolina called for a convention and created the Ordinance of Nullification so that tariffs of 1828 and 1832 would be eradicated and stopped the collection of duties by federal officers.

Force Bill

In 1833, Congress passed the Military Force Bill in the case that South Carolina needed to be forced into compliance with national laws. To address the South’s dislike of duties, Jackson instituted a new tariff that reduced rates over time.

Daniel Webster

defended the Union in the Nullification Crisis, was part of the Whig party and supported Clay and his policies

Nicolas Biddle

president of the Second Bank of the US and made it the first effective central bank

Rechartering Bill

Jackson vetoed the recharting bill of the Bank of US in 1832

“Pet Banks”

during the Jacksonian administration, any state banks selected to receive funds from the federal gov

Indian Removal Act of 1830

was devised by Jackson and was approved by the House of Representatives

Worcester v. Georgia (1831)

ended in Marshall siding with the Cherokees over Georgia, arguing that they had territorial boundaries guaranteed by the US

Trail of Tears

In 1835, officials and a minor population of Cherokees agreed on the Treaty of New Enchota, which included the resettlement of the Cherokees to the Territory. By the deadline in 1838, only a small portion of the population had moved. The rest were forcibly moved, killing 3,000 natives.

Roger B. Taney

appointed in 1833 to the Treasury department. He started to transfer currency in gold and silver to state banks instead of the federal government. However, this was technically illegal but Jackson justified it with the people. He created cheaper and more efficient transportation.

Laissez-Faire

The new constitutions resembled classical liberalism ideals in that they limited the role of the government in the economy.

The Whigs

viewed the world as the elite being based on talent, not wealth, and that elite should dominate the political world. Supporting the businessman and innovative individual. also supported the Industrial Revolution and in turn, supported the American System.

Anti-Masons

believed in evangelical morals, equality of opportunity, and temperance, the joined the Whig party. Politicians claimed they would legally slow down sales of alcohol and make Sunday the day of worship.

Martin Van Buren

8th president, opposed the Bank and wanted the institution of a treasury system that was independent and that could control gov transactions

Closed-Shop Agreements

where employment depends on the membership of a union

Alexis de Tocqueville

French author that focused on the general equality among people in America

Panic of 1837

deeply affected the labor movement and the American economy. The Bank of England stopped funding southern planters with credit to increase cotton production, causing planters to withdraw from banks and the price of cotton exponentially decreased as Britain reduced its demand for cotton.

“Tippecanoe and Tyler Too!”

Campaign slogan among Whigs trying to get support from Southerns that implied nationalism and hinted at sectionalism in favor of the Southerns.

Log Cabin Campaign

portrayal of Harrison as a self-made man (he wasn’t, descended from a southern planter) BUT it connected more with the people.

Ralph Waldo Emerson

Leader of transcendentalism, argued that individualism was a good thing for society and rejected organized religions. Emerson drew from the experiences of the middle class leaving farms to go work in cities and praised them for practicing self-discipline, civic responsibility, and breaking away from binding traditions.

Transcendentalism

Unity of all creation (from Unitarians believing that God was a single being) from writers and philosophers from the New England area. Through reading Kant and Coleridge they provoke thoughts on the existence of humans and deeper insight into mankind, believed in supernatural and put an emphasis on nature

Henry David Thoreau

American essayist, poet, and practical philosopher, renowned for having lived the doctrines of Transcendentalism as recorded in his masterwork, Walden (1854). He was also an advocate of civil liberties, as evidenced in the essay “Civil Disobedience” (1849)

Margaret Fuller

Wrote about the freedom of women. She started with a group of women in Boston who discussed transcendentalism in 1839 and believed that everyone should have a relationship with God. Because of this, she argued that women deserved independence to do so.

Walt Whitman

was a publicist for the Democratic Party and a printer but had a passion for poetry. He also believed in Emerson’s belief of having a relationship with nature but also being integrated into society as communities and the democracy within them are crucial.

Brook Farm

where David Thoreau and other authors visited, as it inspired them to study. The community was an economic failure as the people who lived there were students and writers, not possessing the skills to grow food. Transcendentalists gave up on creating communities and tried to form the existing societies instead.

The Shakers

The United Society of Believers in Christ’s Second Appearing was the first successful communal movement and included dances in their worship. Mother Ann (Ann Lee Stanley) had a vision in 1770 that she was connected to Christ. She left England and settled near Albany where she established a church. Ann died in 1784 and was recognized by the Shakers as the Second Coming, and became isolated, forming strict religious communities. The community included communal property, celibacy, male and female leaders, and the belief that God was a man and a woman in one.

Socialism

Communal ownership of production. Ex: shaker and oneida societies

Oneida Community

Founded by John Humphrey Noyes. His community was initially set up in Putney, Vermont but moved to Oneida New York where it was less controversial. However, he exploited his followers. In the 1850s the Oneidas had an economy based off of animal trapping and changed the production of silverware. Noyes ran off to Canada to avoid the law but the Oneida Community Ltd. made silverware and was moderately successful.

Joseph Smith

Mormonism came from the Puritans. Smith was the founder of the Latter-day Church. He had a vision and believed that God was speaking to him so he wrote The Book of Mormon. He accounted for native Americans in his retelling and included them in the Judeo-Chirsitan tradition. Smith believed that he was a prophet and that society was too individualistic and he strived to create a society that could achieve moral perfection.

Brigham Young

the new leader of the Mormons and led 6,500 people to flee the US into Mexico Territory which is now present-day Utah. the religions spread in agricultural communities because of communal water rights. As the US obtained new territory from Mexico in 1848 the Mormans once again asked to become a separate state. Congress created a small Utah territory, naming Young its governor. In 1856, Young and other legislatures were defying federal laws.

“Bowery Boy”

Nativist gang in New York City that targeted catholics and the Irish.

David Walker

An Appeal … to the Colored Citizens of the World was published in 1829 by a freed slave from North Carolina named _______. He critiqued how slaveholders were religious but justified slavery and a rebellion should take place to combat it. African American activists met in Philadelphia in 1830 in which they demanded “race equality” instead of a violent revolt.

Nat Turner

Turner believed that he had a vision from Christ, which prompted him to kill 55 white men. Virginia tried to pass a bill that would provide gradual emancipation but it failed. The South instead created more slave laws and prohibited the education of slaves, solidifying the fact that the South wouldn’t let slavery go willingly.

William Lloyd Garrison

the most intent on abolition and dabbled in women’s rights. Elizabeth Cotlman Heyrick was a Quaker that wrote abolition pamphlets calling for immediate abolition, which inspired Garrison. Formed the American-Anti Slavery Society in 1833 which was financially backed by the Tappans, a wealthy silk merchant family. Women formed the Female Anti-Slavery Society in 1833 and held the Anti-Slavery Conventions of American Women which spread the movement to rural towns and literature.

The Liberator

William Lloyd Garrison’s abolitionist newspaper.

Gag Rule

In 1836 the House of Representatives instituted the gag rule which postponed any anti-slavery petition.

“Separate Sphere”

Reverend Fowler and other influential men thought that women should be limited to republican motherhood and live in a separate sphere than men

Dorothea Dix

Set up charity schools and became an author. Her book in 1824, Conversations on Common Things was about natural science and improvements morally. In 1841, Dix pushed for mental asylums because insane women were being put in prison with male criminals. Her reports on her travels throughout the country pushed reform and ended with the improvements of prisons and hospitals

Uncle Tom’s Cabin

Harriet Beecher Stowe wrote about the injustices of slavery and demonstrated the capabilities of African Americans. It also showed the separation between the North and South. It was important in the start of the civil war.

Seneca Falls Convention

70 women and 30 men attended in 1848, where the Declaration of Sentiments was produced.

Declaration of Sentiments

At the 1848 Seneca Falls Convention, claimed that all men and women are created equal but there has been great misjustices.

Manifest Destiny

The idea that America had a God-given right and destiny to expand to the Pacific Ocean. John L. O’Sullivan first wrote about Manifest Destiny in his book the Democratic Review and claimed that the native tribes and Mexicans were inferior and that was why they lived in the Far West.

Oregon Trail

The trek taken by yeoman families from mostly the Ohio River Valley in wagons to reach the fertile lands of Oregon.

Sioux

The Lakota Sioux had gained guns from the surrounding countries and empires and became buffalo hunters. The buffalo provided good protein but devastated the buffalo population. About 160,000 buffalo were killed each year to support the demand from tribes and European traders. Through trade, tribes gained manufactured goods such as pots and knives.

“Young Hickory”

Polk was similar to Jackson and earned the nickname ____. He campaigned with the claim of re-occupying Oregon and re-annexation Texas.

“Fifty-Four Forty or Fight”

James K. Polk's presidency slogan in order to get the borders of Oregon Territory extended

John Slidell

Polk then sent __________ to Mexico to gain the territories of California and New Mexico but Mexican officials denied the exchange

John C. Fremont

Sonoma was gained as settlers and Frémont’s forces revolted. Polk then instructed troops to seize Santa Fe in New Mexico and then move on to Southern California. American forces gained full control of California in 1847 but it didn’t end the war

Wilmot Proviso

proposed by David Wilmot in 1846 to ban slavery in any territories that were acquired in the war, which was passed by the Whigs and Democrats fighting for anti-slavery in the House of Representatives.

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

Polk signed the Treaty in 1848. The U.S. paid Mexico $15 million for ⅓ of their territory. The Oregon territory was established by Congress in 1848 and in 1850 the Oregon Donation Land Claim Act was put in place to grant land to those who had settled before 1854. The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo made the property owned by Mexicans guaranteed to be respected by the law. However, many of the grants given by authorities were either poorly documented or fraudulent.

Free-Soil Movement

Thomas Morris further spread the narrative that Southern leaders were using “slave power” to dominate the country. In response to this, the free-soil movement was created by northern farmers. This led to the creation of this party in 1848 where they focused on how slavery was contradictory to republicanism and Jefferson’s agrarian vision.

Frederick Douglass

African-American writer and abolitionist.

Zachary Taylor

The Whigs nominated ________, a general and slave owner who wanted to keep slavery in the South but not new territories. He was known as “Old Rough and Ready” in the war and earned the majority of the popular vote and in the electoral college as anti slavery voters in New York denied Cass the presidency as they did Clay in 1844.

Forty-Niners

Mostly men came to California in 1849 in search of gold.

“Slavery Follows the Flag”

Calhoun claimed that southern farmers had the constitutional right to take their property (slaves) into new territories.

Popular Sovereignty

The idea that the government is chosen and upheld by the people and they are the source of political legitimacy.

Compromise of 1850

created by Clay, Webster, and Democrat Stephen A. Douglas. It gave federal backing to slave catchers under the Fugitive Slave Act, admitted California as a free state, revised a boundary that benefitted New Mexico, and banned only the slave trade in Columbia. It also gave the issue of slavery to the residents of New Mexico and Utah.

Fugitive Slave Act

The Compromise of 1850 gave federal backing to slave catchers.

Ostend Manifesto

The Secretary of State, William Marcy held a meeting in Europe in 1854 which produced the Ostend manifesto, urging Pierce to seize Cuba to which northern Democrats disagreed with

Kansas-Nebraska Act

Douglas also promised to create Nebraska and Kansas as territories, the latter being “not suited for plantations” and would become a free state. The Senate passed the Kansas-Nebraska Act as 1,600 petitions came through.

The Republican Party

The ex-Whigs, Free-Soilers and abolitionists created the new Party in 1854. The new party prized hard work, religious commitment, capitalism and domesticity.

The Know-Nothing Party

a new party that was based on anti-immigration and catholic sentiments. The order of the spangled banner was created in 1850 to promote nativism and wanted to put protestants in places of power to alienate immigrants and institute literacy tests in order to vote.

“Bleeding Kansas”

Violence broke out in 1856 and Horace Greely named it _____. A proslavery band of 700 men burned an abolitionist town called Lawrence. John Brown reacted by sending a free-state militia, leading to the death of 5 pro-slavery settlers in Pottawatomie. The fighting took a total of 200 lives.

Dred Scott v. Sandford (1856)

In 1857, the constitutional authority of slavery was debated. Scott was an enslaved African American and when his owner took him to Illinois, he claimed he was free since it was a free state, the Missouri Compromise said so. Buchanan directly opposed his appeal and made judges from northern states agree with southern judges. 7/9 thought he was still a slave but varied in the reasons behind it.

Lincoln-Douglas Debates

Quoting the bible and using the Dred Scott case, Lincoln claimed that the Supreme Court might claim that the Constitution does not permit a state to exclude slavery. Douglas fought back for his seat using debates where he preached white supremacism. Lincoln then attacked Douglas for accepting the Dred Scott case which protected slaver property but promoted popular sovereignty, allowing for settlers to vote for abolitionism. Douglas responded with the Freeport Doctrine. The document detailed that settlers could exclude slavery by not creating laws to protect the institution.

John Brown

Leader in the bleeding Kansas situation, reacted by sending a free-state militia, leading to the death of 5 pro-slavery settlers in Pottawatomie. Led a raid to a federal fort in 1859 in order to gain arms for a rebellion against slavery.

Election of 1860

As the Democratic party further sectioned off, the Republicans chose Lincoln for their candidate as he appealed to farmers. Midwestern voters and egalitarianism. Lincoln won barely any popular vote but majority of electoral votes. With Lincoln becoming president, the South felt threatened that they would lose the institution they clinged onto for so long.

Jefferson Davis

after Texas left the Confederate States of America were formed, including a constitution that named _____ (the secretary of war at the time) president.

Fort Sumter

President Buchanan claimed that the federal government didn’t have the power to restore the Union by force even when he believed that secession was illegal. He then cut off supplies to Fort Sumter. As Lincoln sent a ship (unarmed) to give supplies to _____ the Provisional Government of the Confederate States decided to seize it.

The Crittenden Compromise

Senator of Kentucky John J. Crittenden proposed a compromise made of 2 parts. It included calling for an amendment that would keep slavery from any federal meddling in any state where it already was established. The second part was to extend the Missouri compromise westward, allowing the labor institution to prevail in the south. Lincoln instructed Congressional Republicans to reject the compromise, which they did and the southern senators pushed for Cuba and more Mexican states. By 1861, there was no compromise given.

Robert E. Lee

30,000 of McClellan’s troops were sent to protect the capital as General Robert Lee caused the casualties of 20,000 to the confederates and the Union lost half the amount. Lee abandoned Richmont after Grant gained Petersburg and the rail lines in April of 1865. Lee then surrendered on april 9th at Appomattox Court House in Virginia.

Bull Run

The victory at ____ showed that the south showed the strength of the confederacy's ideas. George McClellan replaced McDowell. Lee’s goal was to show that the Union government was incapable so he regrouped with Jackson in Virginia where the Second Battle of Bull Run took place.

“Stonewall” Jackson

A confederate general that stood his ground like a “stonewall” in the first major battle.

Antietam

The battles such as ____ were brutal and a road got the nickname of Bloody Lane because of the amount of bodies. Lincoln claimed the battle as a victory but criticized McClellan for letting Lee go. While Lincoln was worried about a long war, McClellan took the approach of not risking troops to keep public morale up.

Ulysses S. Grant

controlled all Union armies in 1864 and implemented Lincoln’s strategies. After his victory at Vicksburg, he had used the town's resources of rail lines to rescue trapped troops in Tennessee. In May, he personally marched troops to the Potomac.

Total War

The involvement of citizens to raise supplies for soldiers or volunteer to help the war effort through production, nursing or donations.

Enrollment Act of 1863

German and Irish immigrants refused to serve after the ______, claiming that it wasn’t their war to fight.

Clara Barton

founded the Red Cross while claiming the war helped advance a woman’s role in life by 50 years, something peace could never do.

Homestead Act of 1862

Improving on the American System and creating a neo mercantilist program imposed high tariffs to generate a more powerful national bank and to give “free land” to farmers under the _________, giving 160 acres to residences of 5 years.

Greenbacks

The spending of the US government grew from $63 million to $865 million annually in just 4 years. The rest was paid in paper money, $150 million of greenbacks were created under the Legal Tender Act of 1862 and over time they only lost a small amount of value.

Confiscation Act

was passed in August 1861 to provide legal status to the refugees as hundreds came everyday and authorized the seizure of property (slaves) to support the rebellion.

Emancipation Proclamation

After pressure by the Radical Republicans and the growing refugee population, Lincoln became convinced that emancipation could be achieved. In July 1862, he gave a general proclamation of emancipation which connected freedom to the preservation of the Union. After Antietam, the proclamation abolished slavery in Union states on January 1, 1863.

The Fifty-Fourth Massachusetts Infantry

The fight in Fort Wagner, South Carolina, 200,000 African Americans were enlisted. Black soldiers were still paid less than white soldiers.

Sherman’s March

Sherman then produced an unorthodox tactic of putting pressure on the south by marching in and destroying whole towns. While civilians were mostly left unharmed, whole towns were destroyed. African-Americans in Georgia praised Sherman’s tactics and he left 400,000 acres for newly freed men, called “sherman lands”.

Thirteenth Amendment

Lincoln gained a majority of both electoral and popular vote in November and the republican party gained more seats in the senate. Maryland and Missouri changed their constitutions to end slavery as well as the states being currently occupied by the Union. The ____ was approved in January 1865 which ended slavery and sent the bill towards ratification by the states.

William Tecumseh Sherman

In May, Grant personally marched troops to the Potomac where he out-manned Lee’s troops by 30,000 while General William Tecumseh Sherman invaded Georgia to take control of atlanta. He had very unorthodox views that enacted destruction in southern towns.

Special Field Order No. 15

Sherman issued Field Order No. 15 in Jan 1865, which redistributed Southern land to freedmen in forty-acre pieces, called “sherman lands”. However, it was taken back and the land was mostly returned.

Appomattox Court House

Lee surrendered here on April 9th

Compromise of 1850

This was ushered through Congress by Stephen Douglas and Henry Clay. It was meant to solve the dispute over whether California would be a free or slave-owning state. The ___ admitted California as a free state, enacted stronger fugitive slave laws, and created the new territories of Utah and New Mexico. These territories were tasked with deciding their own status (free or slave-holding) under a policy of popular sovereignty

life on the frontier was

downright grim for most settlers