Aquaculture
The cultivation or farming of aquatic species, such as fish
Bid-rent theory
A theory that describes the relationships between land value, commercial location, and transportation using a bid-rent gradient
Biodiversity
The variety of organisms living in a location
Biotechnology
The science of altering living organisms, often through genetic manipulation to create new products for specific purposes
Clustered settlement
A type of rural settlements in whichhumans and other structures are concentrated in a specific area
Colombian Exchange
The exchange of goods and ideas between the new and old world that began after Christopher Columbus landed in the Americas in 1492
Commercial agriculture
An agriculture practice that focuses on producing crops and rasing animals for the market for others to purchase
Commodity chain
A network of people, info., processes, and resources that work together to produce, handle, and distribute a commodity or product
Community-supported agriculture
One type of direct, consists of a community of individuals who pledge support to a farm appreciation
conservation
The sustainable use of Earth’s natural resources to meet human needs
Deforestation
loss of forest land
desertification
A form of land degrading that occurs when soil deteriorates to a desert like condition
Dispersed settlement pattern
Settlement where farmers are living on individual farms isolated from neighbors rather than a alongside other farmers
Domestication
The deliberate effort to grow plants and rise animals, making plants and animals adopt to human demands
Economies of scale
Cost reduction that occur when production rises
Export commodity
A good or service produced in the home country and sold another country
Extensive agriculture
A agriculture practice with relatively few inputs and little investment in labor and capital that result in relatively low outputs
fair trade
A movement that tries to provide farms and workers in periphel and semi-periphel countries with a fair price by for their products
Fertile Cresent
A hearth in Southwest Asia that farms an area from the eastern Mediterranean cost
Fertilizer
Any substance, such as manure, or a mixture of nitrates, added to soil or water to increase its productivity
1st agriculture revolution
The shifts from foraging for food to farming about 11,000 years ago, making the beginning of agriculture
Food desert
Area where residents lack access to healthy, nutritious foods because stores selling those foods are too far away
food insecurity
The disruption of food intake or eating patterns because of poor access to food
Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO)
A plant or animals with specific characteristics obtained through the manipulation of its genetic make up
Global supply chain
A network of people, info., processes, and resources that work together to produce, handle, and dispute goods around the world
Green revolution
Movement beginning in the 1950’s and 1960’s in which scientists use knowledge of genetics to develop new high-yield trains of grain crops
High-yield seed
Crops that produce more food per farming cycle than other wild varieties
Indus River Valley
The Indus River Valley is the region of land through which the Indus flows
Intensive agriculture
An agriculture practice in which farms expend a great deal of efforts to produce as much yield as possible from an area of land
Irrigation
A man made system where by water is spread from its natural source over a much larger geographic range to aid in agriculture production
linear settlement pattern
A settlement or group of building that is formed in a long line
local-food movement
A movement which aim to connect food producers and food consumers in the same geographic region
long lot
Long rectangular plots of farmland to give equal access to the river
Market gardening
The small scale producing of fruits
Mechanized farming
Farming techniques that rely on machines to more efficiently produce crop
Mediterranean climate
Major climate type of the Koppen classification characterized by hot, dry summers and cool wet winters
Meters and bounds
Used to describe the boundaries of a parched of land
Mixed crop/ livestock system
A sustainable practice that combines crop cultivation and livestock rearing on the samefarm
Monocropping/ monoculture
The deliberate cultivation of only one single crop in a large land area
Nomadic herding
The seasonal movement of livestock along routes to regions with available grazing land and water source
pastoral nomadism
A way of life of peoples who do not live continually in the same place but move cyclically or periodically
pesticide
Chemicals that are used to treat agriculture crops so as to kill any insects or animals that might try to damage the crop
plantation agriculture
The production of one or more usually cash crops on a large swathe of land
pollution
It occurs when humans contaminate the air, water, or land
ranching
A type of commercial farming in which the livestock is allowed to room over an established area
rural settlements pattern
the distribution or arrangement of homes, farms, villages, towns, and other elements in a rural environment
rural survey method
the system was used by the U.S. Land Office Survey to parcel land west of the Appalacian mountains
2nd agriculture revolution
used the increased technology from the Industrial Revolution as a means to increase farm productivity through mechanization
shifting cultivation
A type of agriculture that involves clearing a small area of land, planting crops for a few years, and then moving on to a new plot of land when the soil fertility declines
slash and burn agriculture
burning a portion of forest so that the soil there can be used for agricultural purposes
Soil salinization
It occurs when soil in an arid climate has been made available for agricultural production using irrigation
Southeast Asia
consists of eleven countries that reach from eastern India to China, and is generally divided into “mainland” and “island” zones
subsistence agriculture
the production of food primarily for consumption by the farmer and mostly found in less developed countries
suburbanization
the growth of cities outside of an urban area
sustainability
the use of the earths renewable and nonrenewable natural resources in ways that ensure resource availability in the future
terrace farming
Building a series of steps or flat land for farming on the sides of hills or mountains
township and range
A rectangular land division scheme designed by Thomas Jefferson to disperse settlers evenly across farmlands of the U.S. interior
tropical climate
uniformly warm throughout the year, very humid rain forest climate, heavy precipitation
urban climate
A continuously built-up urban landscape defined by building and population densities with no reference to the political boundaries of the city
urban farming
It refer to the cultivation of crops and raising of livestock in urban areas, typically on a small scale
value-added specialty crops
Crops transformed into something new through packaging, processing, cooling, drying or separating into component parts which enhances its value beyond that of the raw product
Von Thunen’s model
A predictive theory in human geography that predicts humans will use land in relation to the cost of land and the cost of transporting products to market