Cells & Mitosis Extra cuz im a chud (copy)

Cell theories

All living things are made of cells, The cell is the basic unit of life, All cells came from pre existing cells

Prokaryote

No nucleus, less complex structure,

Has cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, DNA, ribosomes, flagella, capsule.

Eukaryote

Has nucleus, complex structure

Has organelles, cell wall, cytoplasm, cell membrane, DNA, ribosomes, cilia, cytoskeleton, nucleus

Is uni, and multi cellular

Chromatin

Made of tightly packed DNA + Proteins

Ribosomes

Made of RNA & proteins

Pro: Float freely in cytoplasm

Euka: Some float freely, some attached to ER

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Network of membranes that help more proteins through the cells

Rough ER

Has ribosomes, makes proteins

Smooth ER

More attached, makes lipids, breaks down toxic substances

Golgi Apparatus

Vesicles carry proteins/lipids from ER through cytoplasm to golgi. Golgi is flattened, membrane bound sacs, distributed proteins & lipids to final destination.

Cell Division

Growth, Repair, Maintenance

Golgi Enzymes

Modify proteins as they pass through, modified proteins are put into new vesicles, where they travel through the cytoplasm to deliver the proteins where needed

Lysosomes

Some vesicles are formed into small organelles, they break down the cell’s used components (proteins, lipids, carbs, nucleic acids) remain in the cytoplasm.

Vesicles

tiny, membrane-bound sac that acts like a cellular delivery truck, transporting, storing, and processing substances like proteins, lipids, and waste within a cell or moving them in and out of the cell

Vacuole

Large part of cell, membrane bound organelle that stores water and nutrients for cell

Cell wall

protective outer layer outside the cell membrane, providing structural support, shape, and defense

Cell membrane

surrounds every cell to separate its internal contents from the outside environment, regulates what enters and exits, and maintains cell structure and communication

Mitosis

Division of nucleus, creates new cells that allows growth and development. Provides large number of cells

Cytokinesis

Division of cytoplasm

Every cell has..

46 Chromosomes, 23 pairs

Chromosomes

Structures made of DNA, proteins, carries genetic instructions that contains a cell’s growth, function, and development

IPMAT stands for?

I (Interphase) I

P (Prometaphase) Play

M (Metaphase Minecraft

A (Anaphase) At

T (Telaphase) Tyler’s

Interphase consists of..

G1 Phase, S Phase, G2 Phase

G1 Phase (Interphase)

The cell grows, synthesizes proteins and organelles, and carries out its normal functions, collecting nutrients and checking for DNA damage before committing to division.

S Phase (Interphase)

The cell replicates its entire DNA, resulting in two identical sister chromatids joined at the centromere, and duplicates its centrosomes

G2 Phase

The cell continues to grow, produces more proteins and organelles, and prepares its machinery (like the mitotic spindle) for the upcoming division. 

Centrioles

Tiny structures located in cytoplasm near nuclear envelope, organisms which are only active during cell division

Nuclear envelope

double-membrane barrier that encloses the nucleus in eukaryotic cells, separating its contents from the cytoplasm and defining the eukaryotic cell

Spindle Formations

a football-shaped structure to separate chromosomes equally into daughter cells

Prophase (Mitosis)

1st and longest phase of mitosis, chromosomes condense & become visible, centrioles in cytoplasm move to opposite poles of the nucleus, the region they move to is the centrosome

Centrosome

An organelle near the nucleus of a cell which contains the centrioles (in animal cells) and from which the spindle fibers develop in cell division

Metaphase (Mitosis)

Chromosomes line up along the middle of the cells, spindle fibers attach to centromeres

Anaphase (Mitosis)

The centromeres that connect the sister chromatids split, sisters pulled to opposite poles of the cell, each chromatid is now considered an individual chromosome.

Telaphase (Mitosis)

Final stage of mitosis, nuclear membranes reform around the separated molecules, chromosomes uncoil back into chromatin. Spindle fibers break down, nucleolus forms in each daughter cell. Cleavage burrow forms until chromatids separate, nuclear envelope forms

Cytokinesis (After mitosis)

Cytoplasm divides, forming 2 identical daughter cell. Each daughter cell has 46 chromosomes

Internal Regulators

Proteins that respond to events happening inside the cell, regulates phases of mitosis, cells cannot move onto next phase until prerequisites are complete. Determines when a stage of mitosis is over

External Regulators

Speeds/slows the cell cycle, includes growth factors, helps regulate wound healing, and embryonic development