APWH exam notes

meritocracy, technological advancements, Champa rice, and proto-industrialization.

4 reasons the Song Dynasty was prosperous

Meritocracy

Positions in government based on ability (civil service exam, Confucian text)

The Grand Canal

An inexpensive and profitable waterway under the song that contributed to China being the most prosperous trading region.

allowing previously uncultivated land to be cultivated and multiple harvests a year.

Champa rice increased agricultural input through

Proto-Industrialization

China’s iron and steel production relieved on artisans and small scale production that often utilized coal.

paid labor funded by taxes that promoted economic growth.

The song organized public works like roads and canals through

Enabled the distribution of booklets on farming, increasing literacy rates and agricultural output.

Wood block printing effect in china

the silk roads

Buddhism spread from India by

Theravada Buddhism

Self growth, reclusive, in southeast Asia (there)

Mahayana Buddhism

spiritual growth for everyone, China and Korea (many)

Daoism

chaos and harmony with nature, opposite of Buddhism somewhat

Chan/Zen Buddhism

Mahayana Buddhism + Daoism, became popular in china due to its inclusion of Chinese beliefs.

The Tang Dynasty’s effect on BuddhismThe Tang Dynasty saw its popularity as a risk, closed monasteries, but failed to reduce its numbers. While the scholarly class was confucian, the peasants were Buddhist.

The Tang Dynasty’s effect on Buddhism

More neutral than the Tang. The printing press made Buddhist scriptures widely available to the scholar gentry.

The Song Dynasty’s effect on Buddhism

Filial Piety

The Confucian principle that the family should subordinate their desires to the mail leader. The respect of elders benefited the Songs rule.

Neo-Confucianism

Rational thought + Buddhism and Daoism, emphasizes ethics rather than mysteries of God and nature. Poplular in countries in China’s orbit: Japan, Korea, and Vietnam.

The Daimyo possessed more power than the emperor or Shogunate

Difference between Japans feudalism and European feudalism

Japan’s Shogunate was a

Military ruler but their power suffered from regional divides.

Korea emulated Chinese aristocratic and writing practices but restricted the civil service exam from peasants

Chinese influence in Korea

Vietnamese villages operated independently and political centralization was nonexistent. The scholar class in Vietnam often owned more allegiance to their villages.

Vietnamese government structure

The Mamluks were Turkish slaves who served as soldiers and later became bureaucrats and were able to take control of the government in Egypt, establishing the Mamluk Sultanate.

How did the Mamluks rise to power

Seljuk Turks

Expanded their territory through conquest and the sultan was head of state and religion.

Abbasid Caliphate

Over time, the Islamic world fragmented politically. The Abbasid Caliphate was led by Arabs and Persians while there was the Seljuks in the middle east and the Delhi Sultanate.

the adoption of local religious customs and beliefs.

Sufis were able to spread Islam through

Chola Dynasty

Southern India,(850-1267), Hindu, relatively stable

Rajaput Kingdoms

Hindu, at conflict, uncentralized, vulnerable to Muslim attacks.

Lack of efficient bureaucracy

Cause for Delhi sultanates trouble imposing policies.

Muslim conquests left the Buddhist religion disorganized

Cause for Buddhists converting to Islam in the Delhi Sultanate in India.

Urdu

Mix of Hindi and Arabic under the Delhi Sultanate and official language of Pakistan

Khmer Empire

Hindu then Buddhist, Angkor Wat, Irrigation.

Sufis

Emphasized mysteries unable to be learned, helped spread Islam.

Theocracy

The Aztec government was a

The Mit’a System

Mandatory public service men provided in the form of public works or agricultural labor.

Hausa Kingdoms

City states, Nigeria, loosely connected

Ghana’s subjects also practiced Islam but the rulers did not.

Difference between Ghana and Mali.

Swahili

Mix of Batu and Arabic

Agricultural technology like crop rotation and windmills allowed for more land to be worked and led to population growth.

Effects of Agricultural Technology in the European middle Ages.

In the later middle ages, kings employed bureaucrats and gained more power while lords’ power waned.

Reason for decrease in power of European lords.

Growing sense of Nationalism and the spread of the use of gunpowder weapons

2 Effect of the hundred years war

The great Schism

Split between the roman Catholic church and the Orthodox church to the east.

first crusade resulted in a temporary reclaiming of the holy land and increased demands for goods on the silk road. the forth crusade was redirected to a trade city and was a failure.

Difference between the first and forth crusade

Growth of commerce in Europe (leader was decreased due to the little Ice age)

Cause for the creation of the bourgeoisie (merchants, shopkeepers)

Humanism

The renaissance idea of focusing on individuals rather than God, led to focuses in education.

Japan

Overall states were becoming more centralized exept for

Confucianism, as a religion, strengthened china’s government by being closely tied to civil service and respect for elders and china relied on Confucian scholars to run the bureaucracy.

Confucianism’s effect on China government.

Improvements in transportation technologies like caravans and specialized saddles increased trade on the silk roads.

Technological improvements impact on trade on the silk road,

Magnetic compass, rear rudder, and junk ship.

Technological improvements that led to Chinas dominance over trade in the south china sea

Cities and oases along the silk road developed and commercial innovations like paper money and flying cash.

The two main effects of the expansion and stability of the silk road

Kashgar

Produced large amounts of goods and produce that silk road traders depended on.

Samarkand

Developed a long the silk roads, presence of religious diffusion and Islamic learning

Caravansari

Inns along side the silk road after it stabilized

Flying Cash

Allowed merchants to deposit paper money and withdraw at different locations as a response to unwieldy coins during transportation.

Hanseatic League

Formed by cities in northern Germany and Scandinavia, controlled trade through monopolizing goods and drove out pirates.

Increased production by craftsman for trade on the silk road increased iron and steal manufacturing which motivated China’s proto-industrialization.

Effect of trade on the Silk road in China

Pax Mongolica

Era of Mongolian peace that included the building of bridges, religious tolerance, and facilitated trade with bandit protection.

Batu

Russia, his army was known as the Golden Horde, conquered small Russian towns and set up tributes for indirect rule. This later led Russia to centralize.

Hulegu

Abbasid territories, stopped by Mamluk and Christian alliance. Hulegu’s kingdom was known as the Il-khanate and Mongols converted to Islam.

Kublai Khan

Yuan Dynasty, Adhered closer to Chinese Tradition, brought prosperity. The Yuan Dynasty fell due to failed conquests and the Mongols being alienated by the Chinese.

Calicut

Port City that grew from spice trade in the Indian ocean Basin

It increased the trade of specialized products, growing their demand.

How did Indian Ocean trade increase specilization.

Malacca

Used a choke point and a nave to impose fees on ships

States grew to facilitate and protect trade or gain control of a resource rich region. Increased Trade expanded the role of the state through taxes and currency.

An economic reason for the expanse of African nations.

New crops like Champa rice and Bananas

How did trade impact a societies population growth?

The Black Death led to workers labor being valued higher, leading to higher wages and the decline of feudalism.

How did the Black Death impact feudalism?

The silk road transported luxury goods while the Indian ocean trade Basin transported bulk goods after trade in the Indian ocean became more stable.

Difference between the Silk road and the Indian ocean trade Basin.

Horses

What European good was often traded through trade networks

Eastern Orthodox through missionaries.

What spread with the Russian expanse to the east?

The Qing Dynasty had a decline in funds after failed military campaigns.

Why did the Qing Dynasty sell limited trade privliges to the British"?

They were all Muslim, descended from Turkic nomads, used gunpowder weapons, and took advantage of Mongol Power vacuums.

4 similarities between the Ottomans, the Safavids, and the Mughals.

The Safavid Empire fell due to increased Military spending resulting in a weakened economy and the country’s inability to quell religious revolts that weakened the state and allowed foreign invaders to seize control.

Why did the Safavid Empire fall?

Gunpowder weapons led to Japan Centralizing through their use by Daimyo to conquer and centralize Japan.

What led to Japan Centralizing?

The Mughals used Zamindars, government officials, to collect taxes with a salary but were later allowed to keep a portion of collected taxes.

How did the Mughals collect taxes?

Constructing large structures and religious buildings, spreading religion, and divine right.

3 ways rulers legitimized their authority

Tax farming which led to corruption

How did the Ottomans collect taxes?

Protestant reformation

Various reformation attempts that resulted in new denominations.

Counter-Reformation

Catholic reforms that included the increased use of the Inquisition, Jesuit missionary activity, and the Council of Trent, which corrected some of the worst of the Church’s abuses.

Shia Islam

What was a unifying force in the Safavid Empire and was used to legitimize rule.

resources and trade routes, less over religious differences.

Conflict between the Safavids and the Mughals was over

The Aztec set up tribute system and fear to hold power with little direct control.

Aztec government structure.

Diffused naval technologies like the magnetic compass and government funding for god, gold, and glory.

4 causes for European exploration

Mercantilism required heavy government involvement to minimize imports and maximize imports of precious metals.

How did Mercantilism influence government control?

Portugal rose due to superior ships but failed due to a lack of control over Indian ocean trade and their own ships to monopolize trade without colonization.

Why did Portugal fail to monopolize trade in the Indian ocean?

State rivalries, religion, and trade routes

The 3 main motivations for governments funding exploration.

The East India company expanded into India through taking advantage of the Muslim and Hindu religious tensions.

How did the East India company expand into India?

The treaty of Tordesillas

Spain and Portugal agreement on how to divide the new world.

Encomiendas

The labor system that allowed Spanish colonizers to demand labor on the land they conquered in exchange for food and shelter.

Haciendas

The labor system that forced a portion of the surrounding indigenous population to work in mines or plantations in exchange for low pay and a debt to the landowners.

The Spanish transformed the traditional mit’a system to have a percentage of the male population work in silver mines.

How did the Spanish force the native population to mine silver?

The Commercial Revolution

The transformation to a trade based economy using gold and silver.

The Commercial Revolution resulted in the creation of joint stock companies, population growth, and inflation due to increased quantities of precious metals.

3 Results of the Commercial Revolution

Ana Nzinga, ruler of Ndongo, allied with the Portuguese for protection, but after the alliance broke down, she allied herself with the Dutch.

Ndongo example of African nations utilizing European rivalries

The Pueblo Revolt

The indigenous groups in modern day Mexico fought against Spanish colonizers forcing conversions. Resulted in Spain loosing control of the region temporarily.

The Qing Dynasty, under the Manchus, was intolerant of Han Chinese culture

The Manchu Han conflict cause.

Gunpowder weapons enabled states to take nobles’ lands and gain more power.

How did guns impact European power hierarchies?

The Casta system

Hierarchical social classes in Latin america based on race and birthplace.

Criollos

European ancestry born in the Americas

Castas

People of mixed ancestry. Made up of mestizos, mulattoes, and zambos

Social Contract

John Locke, The Enlightenment Idea that by giving up some rights, governments instituted order.

Classical Liberalism

Believed in natural human rights, laissez-faire economics, and representation.

Spain’s policy of Mercantilism requiring exclusive trade with Spain and criollos and castas desiring greater political power and access to wealth.

Economic source of discontent in Latin American colonies.