hist 1301 final exam

What was the Anaconda Plan?

A strategy created by Union General Winfield Scott in 1861, early on in the Civil War. It called for strangling the Southern Confederacy, much like an Anaconda does to its prey. It was a naval blockade of the south

What were contrabands?

Freedom seekers who sought refuge in Union military camps or who lived in areas of the Confederacy under Union control. They were often put to work, and camps were riddled with disease and danger

Battle of Antietam (1862)

Turning‐point battle. Lee decides to invade Maryland in hopes of influencing the upcoming elections, improving relations with European countries, and taking control of farms. Lee's plans were discovered in three cigars, and fighting commenced near Sharpsburg, Maryland, leaving almost 25,000 soldiers dead or wounded, in which Union forces halted a Confederate invasion of the North. Lee's army could have been destroyed if McClellan acted faster, however. As a result, Lincoln fired him.

Emancipation Proclamation

Military order issued by President Abraham Lincoln that freed enslaved people in areas still controlled by the Confederacy.

Militia act (1862)

Congressional measure that permitted formerly enslaved people to serve as laborers or soldiers in the U.S. Army.

Pacific Railway Act (1862)

Congress provided funding for a transcontinental railroad from Nebraska west to California.

Homestead Act (1862)

this allowed a settler to acquire 160 acres by living on it for five years, improving it and paying about $30

Sherman's March to the Sea (1864)

The Union army's devastating march through Georgia from Atlanta to Savannah led by General William T. Sherman, intended to demoralize civilians and destroy the resources the Confederate army needed to fight. Idea of "Total war"

Morrill Land‐Grant College Act (1862)

Federal statute that granted federal lands to states to help fund the creation of land‐grant colleges and universities, which were founded to provide technical education in agriculture, mining, and industry.

National Banking Act (1863)

The U.S. Congress created a national banking system to finance the enormous expense of the Civil War. It enabled loans to the government and established a single national currency, including the issuance of paper money ("greenbacks").

Battle of Gettysburg (1863)

A monumental three‐day battle in southern Pennsylvania, widely considered a turning point in the war, in which Union forces defeated Lee's Confederate army and forced it back into Virginia. Largest battle in North America, and massive casualties permanently weekend the confederacy.

Election of 1864

Abraham Lincoln's successful reelection campaign, capitalizing on Union military successes in Georgia in the hands of Grant/Sherman, to defeat his Democratic opponent, former general George B. McClellan, who ran on a peace platform. Lincoln chose Andrew Johnson as his running mate in order to appeal to democrats and republicans

Appotomax courthouse

The place where Lee surrendered in April 1864 that ended the civil war

What was the freedman's bureau?

Federal Reconstruction agency established to protect the legal rights of formerly enslaved people and to assist with their education, jobs, health care, and land ownership.

what did the confederacy do to balance the odds of their small population?

Mobilized 80 percent of their population

What was another asset of the north that gave them an advantage?

superior industrial development, as they produced 95 percent of firearms and railroad equipment

Did the north or south have the better transportation?

The north, hence, why they conducted the anaconda plan to stop the exporting of southern goods and the importation of weapons. Also because of the railroad

What were the confederates advantages?

They were defending their home territory, and they were united by a common cause. They also had better generals/leadership

What did the south want?

To be recognized as an independent nation and maintain there way of life

what did the north and Abraham Lincoln want?

to preserve the union, but some also fought to end slavery

What was the union army often called?

Federals

What indicated the start of the civil war?

The confederacy firing on fort sumter

What was the first battle of the Civil War?

Battle of Bull Run

What was the outcome of the first battle of bull run?

The Union almost won, but confederate reinforcements under the leadership of Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson were able to defeat the Federals and send them in retreat. However, the confederates were too exhausted to give chase.

What was the southern strategy in the war?

Thought that they should outlast the North, until either Lincoln was forced to sue for peace, or the UK or France became desperate for southern cotton to the point of intervention.

Why didn't the UK recognize southern independence or care about the south?

Their colonies such as India were able to import enough cotton to maintain production.

What immigrants mainly fought for the union?

European immigrants

What immigrants fought for the confederacy?

South and Central American immigrants

Why did immigrants fight?

Beliefs, money, extra food, steady job, etc.

What did the small male pop. force Jefferson Davis to do in 1862?

Write a mandatory conscription law that called for all white males between 18-35 to serve in the army for 3 years.

How did some escape the conscription laws in the south?

Paying a substitute, people of high status were exempt, planters with more than 20 slaves were exempt.

How did some escape the conscription laws passed in the North in 1863?

Paying a 500-dollar fee, and social status once again

Why did many fight?

Honor, duty, patriotism, and nobility/morality.

What were many confederates convinced would happen if they lost the war?

That they would be enslaved, and that they could not imagine a life without their slaves

Why did many in the civil war desert?

They were overwhelmed by the rigors of combat and camp life, or they feared for their families or farms. Deserters were punished in varying ways, but most soldiers saw their military experience as beneficial.

What was the condition of POW camps?

Terrible, many died. Worst was Camp Sumter, where a third of union soldiers died.

How did people's feelings change throughout the war?

Many who were originally driven by patriotism and manly honor became demoralized and wanted an end to the war

How did enslaved African Americans take advantage of the war in the south?

They ran away, engaged in sabotage, joined fighting, etc.

What happened with the CSS planter in 1862?

A man by the name of Robert Smalls stole the gunboat and guided it to the North with Black Passengers

What was the effect of the civil war on western settlement?

It slowed it down but did not stop it, as gold and silver discoveries lured more prospectors to Colorado, Nevada, and Montana

Where did the most intense fighting in the West occur?

Along the Kansas-Missouri border, where disputes from the 1850's turned deadly. William Quantrill (confederate) fought under no quarters, and therefore killed everyone. Jayhawkers (slang for thieves; Northerners) retaliated

What did Indian nations do during the civil war?

Some fought for the South, like the Choctaws and Chickasaws, but often, tribes like Cherokees, creeks, and Seminole were divided

Role of Texas in the War?

Sent many men and food to the confederate armies.

What was significant about Kentucky and Tenesse?

It held the first union victories of the war, as General Grant captured two confederate forts, and it gave the Union access to Rivers and forests.

What was the Battle of Shiloh?

Battle in Tennessee, lasted two days, Union Victory, 23,000 casualties. Grant was originally caught off-guard in an open plateau, and a pre-mature confederate celebration and Union reinforcement lead to a northern victory

Naval battle of New Orleans

Union victory, in which 1500 cotton plantations were seized, and 50,000 slaves were liberated.

McClellan's Peninsula Campaign

McClellan was slow to attack, kept on stalling to train, and was scared to attack, even though Lincoln urged him to advance. Eventually was attacked by the confederates while advancing down the Potomac, and only reinforcements saved a disastrous union defeat. Led to General Robert E. Lee assuming leadership for the south, which is a major upside for the confederates. Mcclellan became disliked by Lincoln.

What was the second battle of Bull Run?

Confederate General Lee sees the split between the two union armies and decides to attack Pope's army before McClellan can arrive. By splitting his army, Lee outwits pope and defeats the massive union army.

Why was the North hesitant to emancipate slaves early in the war?

Border states may have left the Union.

Why did Lincoln's views change?

He saw ending slavery as a way to win the war, as the Union would have a moral cause for the war. He signed bills that outlawed slavery in the North and set refugees free, and urged border states to emancipate their slaves

What was the Emancipation Proclamation?

Lincoln issued a preliminary emancipation after the battle of Antietam, which warned that if the confederate states do not return to the union, their slaves would be made free, and on January 1st, 1863, all slaves in confederate states were free.

Why did Lincoln issue the Emancipation Proclamation?

As a military necessity, which is why they it only freed slaves in rebelling states

How did many react to the emancipation?

Some saw it as Lincoln violating the constitution; others claimed they did not join the union to free slaves. Lincoln responded by saying to fight for the preservation of the union, and that the emancipation was simply to aid their cause.

What did the Emancipation Proclamation allow for?

Blacks to enlist in Union armies and navy

What did 1862 end in?

Stalemate following the Unions brutal defeat at Fredericksburg. Made northern morale plummet and democrats and even republicans began criticizing Lincoln

What were the New York City Draft Riots?

4 days of rioting, triggered by efforts to enforce the military draft, as whites, mainly Irish, opposed to fighting for blacks, as they feared they would lose their jobs. 105 people were killed (mostly black)

Civil War Medicine

Common amputations and opium used for an anesthetic. Peritonitis was leading cause of death. No antibiotics and slower moving projectiles led to more deaths, as most soldiers died to infection and disease.

What did woman do in the war?

Worked in mills, raised money and supplies, worked in factories, volunteered as nurses. Some travelled with armies, cooking for them, and rarely, some were spies for the north.

How did the union raise money for the war?

Raising taxes, printing paper money, and selling government bonds to investors.

Morill Tariff

this import tariff was initially passed in 1861, and subsequently raised several times, to fund the civil war

Legal Tender Act of 1862

To finance the Civil war, the federal government authorized the creation of paper money not redeemable in silver or gold through this bill. About $430 million worth of "greenbacks" were put out in circulation, and this money by law had to be accepted for all taxes, debts and other obligations- even those contracted prior to the passage of this act

How did the Confederacy finance the war?

Financing the war was a disaster, as the confederacy had no treasury department or a revenue collecting system. The south was also land-rich but cash-poor, as it had barely any currency in circulation. In the first year, the south created a property tax. Enforcement was poor, and evasion was easy, leading to the south to begin taxing nearly everything, still to no avail.

Battle of Vicksburg (1863)

A protracted battle in northern Mississippi in which Union forces under Ulysses S. Grant besieged the last major Confederate fortress on the Mississippi River, forcing the inhabitants into starvation and then submission on July 4, 1863. Was essential in cutting off Texas, Arkansas, and Louisiana from the rest of the confederacy

Radical Republicans

Congressmen who identified with the abolitionist cause and sought swift emancipation of the enslaved, punishment of the Rebels, and tight controls over former Confederate states, and give the seized lands to formerly enslaved people.

Peace Democrats (Copperheads)

Argued for an end to the fighting and a reunion of the states and to restore the union and the constitution as it was before. Reluctantly supported Lincoln's war policies

War Democrats

the name given to the faction of Democrats during the Civil War that patriotically supported the Lincoln administration

Habeus Corpus Act of 1863

Allowed for the president to have ppl arrested on suspicion of treason. Only was allowed to be suspended during foreign invasion and did not guarantee the right for arrested citizen a speedy hearing before a judge.

Cancellorsville

Although a southern victory, was very brutal, and General stonewall Jackson died in this battle

Confederate politics

Poor whites resented the planter elite as food prices skyrocketed, and food riots erupted. Davis lacked control over states in the confederacy, as they all claimed states' rights and had left the union for this reason. Davis was also stubborn, which lead to an unstable cabinet.

What was the effect of Gettysburg on the confederacy?

Demoralized the south; Vicksburg fell, and the south was split in two and surrounded by the union

Gettysburg Address

(1863) a speech given by Abraham Lincoln after the Battle of Gettysburg, in which he praised the bravery of Union soldiers and renewed his commitment to winning the Civil War; supported the ideals of self-government and human rights

Chattanooga

Third union triumph of 1863, Confederacy almost won, but hesitant to fall into a trap, union soldiers reinforced and removed the confederates from the Tennessee, signifying the south had lost in the west.

Fort Pillow Massacre (1864)

massacre of surrendered African-American troops was conducted or condoned by Confederate Major General Nathan Bedford Forrest. Military historian David J. Eicher concluded, "Fort Pillow marked one of the bleakest, saddest events of American military history." Confederate troops led by future KKK leader Nathan Bedford Forrest.

What did Grant realize from his southern camapign?

The North could replace it's men, the south could not

Appotamox Courthouse

After being encircled in Petersburg, Virginia, and the Confederate government abandoning Richmond, Lee surrendered to Grant.

How did the war influence social changes?

Woman became nurses, and assumed greater responsibilities.

How was the civil war the first modern war?

It was fueled by the industrial revolution and modern-day technology at the time of the war. New technologies like mini ball, ironclads, telegraphs, and cameras and newspapers made the war more deadly and more known than ever before

Thirteenth Amendment

The constitutional amendment ratified after the Civil War that forbade slavery and involuntary servitude.

How did the war change the Union?

Ended slavery: shifted the political balance of power in congress, the supreme court, and the presidency from the south to the north, and boosted the Northern economies industrial development and agriculture along with western settlement. War fueled growth of new industries, and western settlement, as well as global colonialism as countries sought resources from lands ither than the south.

What was some stark differences between the North and the South following the war?

The North was developing even more, whereas the south was devastated and ravaged as their cities and farms were destroyed, and the fact that they lost their laborers.

How did life change for Blacks?

Although legally free, they were still socially discriminated against, which begged the question of what role the federal gov't should play in ensuring the rights of it's citizens.

Why did slaves change their names?

As they took up names from their masters, they wanted to remove any correlation to the institution of slavery, so they took up the name of their fathers.

What was Lincoln's plan for Reconstruction?

Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction: Former confederate states could re-create a union gov't once 10% of those who voted in 1860 swore allegiance to the constitution. They also would receive president pardons acquitting them of treason. However, some were denied pardon, such as confederate leaders, judges, army and naval officers, and all those who left their post to join the confederacy, and those who abused black soldiers

Congressionl Plan (Radical Republican/ Northerners) for Reconstruction

favored congress supervision of reconstruction. Favored giving all formerly enslaved ppl full citizenship. Also hoped to replace White, democratic elite with small farmers.

Wade-Davis Bill

1864 Proposed far more demanding and stringent terms for reconstruction; required majority of the voters of a state to take the loyalty oath and permitted only non-confederates to vote for a new state constitution; Lincoln refused to sign the bill, pocket vetoing it after Congress adjourned.

Wade-Davis Manifesto

In retaliation to Lincoln's pocket veto of the Wade-Davis Bill, furious Radical Republicans penned the Wade-Davis Manifesto, which accused the president, among other sins, of usurping power and attempting to use readmitted states to ensure his reelection.

Freedmen's Bureau

First Federal effort to help ppl rather than states. Federal Reconstruction agency established to protect the legal rights of formerly enslaved people and to assist with their education, jobs, health care, and land ownership. Did not have enough ppl to deal with the many formerly enslaved slaves. Also didn't have enough troops to protect Blacks.

Lincoln's Assassination (1865)

John Wilks Booth carried this out on April 14 at Ford's Theater. Andrew Johnson, the vice president, succeeded the presidential seat.

What was Johnson's restoration plans?

A plan to require southern states to ratify the Thirteenth Amendment, disqualify wealthy ex‐Confederates from voting, and appoint a Unionist governor. Was determined to prevent wealthy whites from regaining power

Why did Johnson pardon confederates and most Southern aristocrats

Decided he could buy the political support of prominent Southerners by pardoning them, improving his chances of re-election

Freedmen's Conventions

often led by ministers and met in state capitals "to impress upon the white men"\- wanted to counter the whites-only state conventions\- conventions forged resolutions that stressed desire for free public education, need for paying jobs and their own land, and full civil rights, especially voting rights

What happened as a result of Johnson's leniency towards the South

Southern violence towards blacks increased in Memphis and New Orleans, former confederate leaders were elected for senate. Southerners refused to extend voting rights to blacks.

What helped pass the fourteenth amendment?

The race riots helped to extend federal civil rights protections to blacks.

Black Codes/Jim Crow Laws

Laws passed in southern states to restrict the rights of formerly enslaved people

Convict Leasing System

A system whereby penitentiaries, for a small fee, leased out prisoners to labor in factories and fields. Most prisoners were black, and were hired out, a more brutal slavery, as if a convict died, they could get another one.

14th Amendment

Amendment to the U.S. Constitution guaranteeing equal protection under the law to all U.S. citizens, including formerly enslaved people.

Johnson's battle with congress

Vetoed bill which would renew funding for freedmen's bureau and criticized radical republicans for promoting black civil rights. Many republicans sided with radical republicans

Civil Rights Act

Declared that all born in the US, excluding native Americans, would be entitled to "full and equal benefit of all law". Johnson vetoed it, but the veto was overturned, from that point on, Johnson lost public and political support.

What happened as a result of Johnson's speaking tour in the congressional election of 1866?

His disgraceful speech made against the radical republicans and saying that he did not care for dignity, lead Johnson and the democrats to lose in each house in the congressional elections of 1866, allowing the radical republicans the two-thirds majority needed to override presidential vetoes, allowing for congressional republicans to take over .