Exam 2

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What was the term for 19th-century Russian literature that is also known as post-romanticism?

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218 Terms

1

What was the term for 19th-century Russian literature that is also known as post-romanticism?

Realism

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2

What was the time period for Realism?

1840s-1880s

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3

What was the focus of Russian Realist literature?

  • Russian reality

    • People

    • social institutions

    • social needs

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4

What were novels seen as in Russian realist literature?

vehicles of social action/social change

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5

Nikolai Gogol

1809-1852

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6

Where is Nikolai from and where did he move?

From Ukraine; moved to St. Petersburg

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7

What renderings is Gogol known for and white famous writer praised him?

Renderings of ukrainian folktales; win praise of Pushkin

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8

What famous novel did Gogol write?

Dead Souls

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9

Where did Gogol for a long period of time before moving back to Russia?

Rome

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10

How did gogol die?

Fasts that lead to death

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11

What did Peter the Great introduce that determined a person’s position and status?

Peter the Great’s 1722 Table of Ranks

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12

Who wrote the Overcoat and when?

Nikolai Gogol; 1842

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13

Who is the main character in The Overcoat and what was his job?

Akaky Akakievich; Titular Councillor (Copier basically), Rank 9

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14

What is Akaky Akakievich known as in literature?

Famous “little man”; meek, up against unfeeling bureaucracy

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15

Did Akaky Akakiavich like the idea of getting promoted? Did he want more responsibilities?

HELL NO; Again… NO!

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16

What was the narrator’s feelings towards Akaky Akakeivich?

Sometimes mocking, sometimes sympathetic

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17

Important things to remember in The Overcoat?

  • Akaky’s inauspicious birth & naming

  • love of work, no promotion

  • content with his lot

  • office mates tease and bully him, but he says “I am your brother”

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18

Who is the tailor in The Overcoat?

Petrovich the Tailor

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19

Who did Akaky’s coworkers suggest that he go to for help and how did he act?

An “important person”; acted rude and scare Akaky to impress his friend

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20

What happens to Akaky at the end?

He dies but comes back as a ghost who steals other people’s overcoats

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21

Where did the Overcoat take place?

In Petersburg

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22

What did St. Petersburg mean to Russian authors?

  • connection to western culture due to Peter the Great

  • Weird, mythical magical place

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23

What was Gogol referred to?

As a bridge from romanticism to realism

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24

What view did the Overcoat change?

The underdog and social misfit is treated not as a nuisance, but as a human being who has much right to happiness as anyone else

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25

Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev

1818-1883

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26

Who wrote Bezhin Meadow and when?

Ivan Turgenev; 1851

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27

What is Bezhin Meadow about?

The boy who gets lost basically

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28

What was Turgenev nicknamed in school and why?

“The American” becuase he was the westernizer

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29

Where did Turgenev live most of life and which famous writer criticized him?

Lived in Aborad in France and Germany mostly, and Dostoevsky mocked him

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30

What did Turgenev believe in?

the ideals of Western, liberal humanism

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31

What was Turgenev’s upbringing?

  • grew upon on cruel, wealthy mother’s estate

  • father was a penniless officer who was handsome

  • Had typical university education, and went to Europe

  • said and thought that Russia must learn from west

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32

What was new about Turgenev writing novels?

There was no tradition of Russian novel writing

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33

What was Turgenev instrumental for?

Creating Russian novel

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34

Who was the first Russian writer famous in west?

Turgenev

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35

Who does Turgenev really speak out for?

Serfs

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36

What was Turgenev’s first literary sensation?

Notes of a Hunter

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37

What is the the Notes of a Hunter seen as the Russian version for?

Uncle Tom’s Cabin -- exposes the evils and injustices of serfdom

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38

What collection is “Bezhin Meadow” a part of?

Notes of a Hunter collection

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39

What was Serfdom?

Millinos of native Russians enslaved to landowners--or to state

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40

What followed the Decembrist rebellion?

Police-bureaucractic dictatorship; “freeze” under Nicholas I

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41

When does Nicholas I rule?

1825-1855

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42

When does Alexander II rule?

1855-1881

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43

What happened under Alexander II?

Reforms

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44

When was the emancipation of the serfs?

1861

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45

When does Turgenev’s book appear?

1847-51

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46

When and what was an important intellectual trend in the 19th-century Russia?

  • 1840s

  • Slavophiles vs. Westernizers

  • Still happening today under different names

  • those who wanted Russia to copy the west vs those who found pride in Russia’s native tradition

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47

Is Turgenev considered a Slavophile or Westernizer?

Westernizer -- wanted Russia to copy the west

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48

what was another important trend in 19th century Russi?

  • 1860s Radical (Utilitarian, Positivist)

  • Radical 1860s Bazarov clashes with gentle liberals of 1840s

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49

What does Bazarov do during the 1860s Radicals period?

Belittles artisitic feeling, romantic love, healing beauty of nature, and sanctity of individual personality -- all that Turgenev’s 1840s generation valued

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50

Which novel from Turgenev develops the theme of the 1860s Radicals?

1862 Fathers and Children; clash between westernizing 1840s and nihilist bunch of 1860s radicals

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51

What is Bazarov’s beliefs called?

Nihilism

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52

What was nihlism? Who are the nihlists?

Rejecting all aesthetic, moral, and religious convictions

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53

Time period of the “Sketches from a Hunter’s Album?”

1847-51, 1852

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54

What was the narrative voice in “Sketches from a Hunter’s Album?

intelligent, interested but uncommitted observer

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55

Fyodor Dostoevsky

1821-1881

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56

What image does Dostoevsky represent?

typical image of Russian writer

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57

Who was Dostoevsky other than a very important novelist?

teacher of politics, religion, psychology, ethics

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58

Which major psychologist said Dostoevsky anticipated all his major inshights?

Freud

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59

Which philosopher said that Dostoevsky influenced him like no one ever had?

Nietzsche

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60

Who saw Dostoevsky as the forerunner of new christianity?

Existentialists

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61

Who else did Dostoevsky?

Camus and Sartre influenced by him

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62

How was Dostoevsky’s life?

  • difficult childhood with abusive father (doctor) and loving, religious mother

  • attended school in Petersburg, then entered military

  • entered literary world of Petersburg with translation of Balzac’s “Eugenie Grandet”

  • started gambling, money troubles

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63

Did Dostoevsky like or hate western literature?

loved it; hugely influenced by it

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64

What did Dostoevsky develop?

Epilepsy

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65

When Dostoevsky join the Petrashevsky Circle and what were they accused of?

1846; accused of revolutionary activity

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66

Why id the czar fear about the accusations of the Petrashevsky Circle?

he feared a repeat of the 1825 Decembrist Rebellion

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67

When was Dostoevsky arrested?

1849

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68

Was Dostoevsky actually excused?

Mock execution; right when he will be executed, a messenger will come pardon him on behalf of the czar

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69

Waht happened to Dostoevsky after the mock execution?

Exiled to Siberia with hard labor for four years

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70

After Siberia, when did Dostoevsky return to Petersburg?

1858

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71

What does Dostoevsky do after his return?

  • Notes from “the House of the Dead” 1860-2

  • Travels through Europe

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72

What does conservative Slavophile mean?

Peter the Great’s reforms enriched Russia but Russia must now turn back to its past; stick with slavic

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73

What novels is Dostoevsky known for?

  • “Crime and Punishment” 1866

  • “The Idiot” 1868

  • “The Devils/The Possessed” 1872

  • “The Brothers Karamazov” 1880

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74

When was the Meek Women writtten and who wrote it?

1876 by Dostoevsky

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75

What is the Meek Women a part of? are the major themes of A Meek Women?

Diary of a Writer

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76

What happens to the lady at the end of the Meek Woman?

she kills herself

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77

Why did the woman marry the guy in the Meek Woman?

so she doesn’t have to marry an older dude

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78

What are the major themes of A Meek Women?

  • corrupting nature of power and money

  • Spiritual debasement vs. purity

  • Need for spiritual sustenance

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79

What are some big social changes in the late 19th century?

  • urbanization

  • literacy increase

  • infrastructure and industry: railroads, factories

  • ethnic diversity of empire

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80

Till when do Alexander II’s reforms continue?

Reforms continue in the 1870s

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81

Who did Alexander II free through his reforms?

The serfs

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82

What was Alexander II’s successor like?

The opposite; very reactionary

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83

When was the abolition of serfdom?

1861

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84

What was the “Going to the People” movement?

culminates in 1874 -- remember Wanderers

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85

What rose in the 1870s?

Intelligentsia

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86

What was the intelligentsia?

  • The part of a nation that aspires to intellectual activity and political initiative

  • a section of society regarded as educated and possessing culture and political influence

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87

Who were a part of the intelligentsia?

  • Priests’ sons and seminarians

  • Intellectuals

  • Free-thinking women

  • Raznochintsy: “people of various ranks”

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88

What is Raznochinets/Raznochintsy?

people of various ranks

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89

When was the assassination of Alexander II, and what was the person known as?

1881; the “Tsar-Liberator”

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90

What other social issues were happening during the 1870s and that time period?

  • The Agrarian Question

  • The Woman Question

  • The Jewish Question

  • The Worker Question

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91

What was the role of the Russian Writers?

  • Topical vs. lasting literature

  • Literature also addressed age-old, universal “accursed questions”

    • What is the meaning of life?

    • What is my role?

    • What is Russia?

    • What does it mean to be Russian?

    • etc…

  • Writers as ethical leaders

  • Writers as philosophers

  • Writers as religious thinkers and prophets

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92

What century Russian novels are more than fiction and had many layers?

19th century Russian novels

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93

Leo Tolstoy

1828-1910

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94

More than a writer, what was Tolstoy seen as?

seen as prophet, religious sage

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95

What did Tolstoy inspire and are they still around now?

  • inspired Tolstoyan communities

  • still in existence now

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96

Which freedom fighter did Tolstoy inspire?

Gandhi

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97

What was the famous saying in regards to the czar and Tolstoy?

“Two czars in Russia: One is Petersburg, other at Yasnaya Polyana (Tolstoy’s estate)”

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98

What was Tolstoy’s background and early life?

  • from a aristocratic, rich family

  • was a count and his mother a princess

  • attended university but did not graduate

  • joined army

  • began literary career in army

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99

What are two of Tolstoy’s most famous novels ever written?

  • War and Peace (1869)

  • Anna Karenina (1878)

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100

Was Tolstoy depressed?

Yes

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