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Pueblo
A group of farmers in the Americas who spent their time planting and harvesting crops such as beans, squash, and maize.
UTE
A Native American tribe that hunted buffalo and lived in small bands.
Chumash
A Native American people who participated in regional trade networks.
Chinook
Similar to the Chumash, they built plank houses.
Iroquois
A Native American group that lived in longhouses made from timber.
Columbian Exchange
The widespread transfer of plants, animals, foods, cultures, technologies, and diseases between the Americas, Europe, and Africa after Columbus's voyages.
Impact of Germs on Native People
European diseases devastated Native populations, leading to mortality rates dropping by 90% in some areas.
Smallpox
A deadly disease that killed millions of Native Americans.
Encomienda System
A Spanish labor system that granted colonists the right to demand tribute and forced labor from Indigenous people.
Caste System
A social hierarchy in Spanish colonies based on European, Indigenous, and African identities.
Protestant Reformation
A religious movement that criticized the Catholic Church, leading to the establishment of various Protestant sects.
Anglican Church
The Church of England formed by Henry VIII's break from the Catholic Church in 1534.
Mayflower Compact
The first governing document of Plymouth Colony that established self-governance.
Massachusetts Bay Settlement
Founded by Puritans in search of religious freedom, it emphasized a 'city upon a hill' as a model of Christian society.
Anne Hutchinson
A Puritan leader who challenged the church and was banished for her beliefs.
Glorious Revolution
The bloodless overthrow of King James II in 1688 that restored Protestant monarchy.
Dominion of New England
A short-lived administrative union of English colonies in the Northeast.
Restoration Colonies
Colonies established during the reign of Charles II, such as Carolina and Pennsylvania.
William Penn
A Quaker who founded Pennsylvania as a haven for religious tolerance.
Mercantilism
An economic policy that emphasizes the role of the state in managing the economy.
Triangular Trade
A trade system between Europe, Africa, and the Americas that involved goods, slaves, and raw materials.
Pequot War
Conflict between English settlers and Pequot tribes resulting in significant Pequot casualties.
Metacom’s War
Also called King Philip's War, a conflict between Native Americans and English settlers in New England.
King William’s War
The first of the French and Indian Wars, part of the larger war between England and France.
Powhatan
Leader of the Powhatan Confederacy, initially allied with Jamestown settlers.
Second Continental Congress
A congress that convened to manage the colonial war effort and moved incrementally towards independence.
Olive Branch Petition
A last effort by the Congress to avoid war with Britain, expressing loyalty to the crown.
Thomas Paine's Common Sense
A pamphlet advocating for American independence from Britain.
Declaration of Independence
The formal statement written by Thomas Jefferson declaring the freedom of the thirteen American colonies from Great Britain.
Battle of Saratoga
The turning point in the American Revolution, leading to French support for the Americans.
Battle of Yorktown
The final battle of the American Revolution where British General Cornwallis surrendered.
Articles of Confederation
The first constitution of the United States which created a weak national government.
Shays' Rebellion
An armed uprising in 1786-1787 by Massachusetts farmers protesting economic injustices.
Virginia Plan
Proposal for a bicameral legislature with representation based on population.
New Jersey Plan
Proposal for a unicameral legislature with equal representation for each state.
Great Compromise
Created a bicameral legislature balancing the Virginia and New Jersey plans.
3/5 Compromise
Agreement that slaves would count as three-fifths of a person for representation and taxation purposes.
Separation of Powers
The division of government responsibilities into distinct branches to limit any one branch from exercising the core functions of another.
Federalists vs. Anti-Federalists
Federalists supported a strong national government; Anti-Federalists opposed it fearing loss of individual rights.
Federalist Papers
A series of essays written to promote the ratification of the U.S. Constitution.
Bill of Rights
The first ten amendments to the Constitution that guarantee individual liberties.
Whiskey Rebellion
An uprising in 1794 against a federal excise tax on whiskey, demonstrating the power of the federal government.
XYZ Affair
A diplomatic incident between France and the United States that led to an undeclared war.
Election of 1800
A significant peaceful transition of power from the Federalists to the Democratic-Republicans.
Market Revolution
A period of rapid economic growth that transformed the U.S. economy in the early 19th century.
Lowell Mill Girls
Young women who worked in textile mills in Lowell, Massachusetts during the Industrial Revolution.
Craft Unions
Organizations formed by skilled workers to advocate for better working conditions and wages.
Mutual Aid Societies
Groups that provided social and financial support to members facing hardship.
Panic of 1837
A financial crisis that triggered a severe economic depression in the United States.
Nativism
A political policy favoring the interests of established inhabitants over those of immigrants.
Nullification Crisis
A sectional crisis during the presidency of Andrew Jackson in which South Carolina attempted to nullify federal laws.
Cherokee Nation v. Georgia
A Supreme Court case that ruled that Native American tribes were
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