Anatomy & Physiology II - LAB 7 Digestive System

poopoo system

alimentary canal

mouth→anus

ingestion

eating

propulsion

movement of food thru the alimentary canal

peristalsis

propulsion of food that involves alternating waves of contraction & relaxation

bolus

food gets to mouth

chyme

food gets to stomach

feces

food gets to large intestine

mechanical breakdown

chewing, mixing food w/ saliva, churning food in stomach, & segmentation

segmentation

local constriction of intestines that mixes food with digestive juices

absorption

passage of digested fragments from lumen of GI into blood/lymph

defecation

elimination of indigestible substances via anus in form of feces

digestion

series of catabolic steps involving enzymes that break down food molecules into chemical building blocks

mesentery

double layer of peritoneum that extends to digestive organ from body wall

allows blood vessels, lymphatics, & nerves to reach digestive organs & holds organs in place, & stores fat

mastication

chewing

muscles involved in chewing?

masseter, temporalis, pterygoid

which cranial nerve controls chewing?

trigeminal (V)

what bones make the hard palate?

palatine bones & maxilla

specific term for swallowing?

deglutition

muscles that control swallowing

muscles of the pharynx

cranial nerves that control swallowing?

trigminal, facial, glossopharyngeal, vagus, hypoglossal

what macromolecule digestion begins in the mouth due to enzymes found in saliva?

salivary amylase

parotid gland

submandibular gland

sublingual gland

xerostomia

dry mouth/cotton mouth

pH of saliva

6.75-7

cranial nerves of salivation?

facial & glossopharyngeal

esophagus

stratified squamous

emesis

vomiting

cholecystokinin (CCK)

Made: duodenal mucosa

Stim: fatty chyme

Target: stomach, liver, pancreas

Action: inhibits stomach’s secretion & potentiates secretin’s actions on those organs

glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP)

Made: duodenal mucosa

Stim: fatty chyme

Target: stomach & pancreas (beta cells)

Action: inhibits HCl production & stimulates insulin release

gastrin

Made: stomach mucosa

Stim: food in stomach

Target: stomach (parietal cells), small intestine, ileocecal valve, colon

Action: increases HCl secretion & stimulates intestinal contraction

histamine

Made: stomach mucosa

Stim: food in stomach

Target: stomach

Action: activates parietal cells to release HCl

intestinal gastrin

Made: duodenal mucosa

Stim: acidic & partly digested foods in duodenum

Target: stomach

Action: stimulates gastric glands & motility

motilin

Made: duodenal mucosa

Stim: fasting, periodic neural stimuli release

Target: proximal duodenum

Action: stimulates migrating motor complex

secretin

Made: duodenal mucosa

Stim: acidic chyme

Target: stomach, pancreas, liver

Action: inhibits gastric gland secretion & gastric motility

serotonin

Made: stomach mucosa

Stim: food in stomach

Target: stomach

Action: contraction of stomach muscles

somatostatin

Made: stomach/duodenal mucosa

Stim: food in stomach; stim by sympathetic nerve fibers

Target: stomach, pancreas, small intestine

Action: inhibits gastric secretion of all products & inhibits pancreas secretion

vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)

Made: enteric neurons

Stim: chyme containing partly digested contents

Target: small intestine, pancreas, stomach

Action: inhibits acid secretion & stimulates buffer secretion

small duct

acinar cell

secretes enzymes

zymogen granules

rough endoplasmic reticulum

basement membrane

acinus

duct cell

secretes HCO3 & H2O

liver

right & left hepatic ducts

common hepatic duct

bile duct & sphincter

accessory pancreatic duct

tail of pancreas

main pancreatic duct & sphincter

head of pancreas

jejunum

hepatopancreatic ampulla & sphincter

gallbladder

mucosa w/ folds

cystic duct

duodenum

major duodenal papilla

right colic (hepatic) flexure

transverse colon

superior mesenteric artery

haustrum

ascending colon

ileum

ileocecal valve

cecum

appendix

rectum

anal canal

left colic (splenic) flexure

transverse mesocolon

epiploic appendages

descending colon

mesentery

tenia coli

sigmoid colon

external anal sphincter

enterocytes

absorptive cells

lacteal

goblet cell

blood capillaries

mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue

intestinal crypt

muscularis mucosae

duodenal gland

micovilli

brush border

villus

enteroendocrine cells

paneth cells

venule

lymphatic vessels

submucosa

esophagus

longitudinal layer

circular layer

oblique layer

lesser curvature