Linguistic human rights, past and present

Fill-in-the-blank flashcards covering key concepts, periods, covenants, and debates in linguistic human rights as discussed in the lecture notes.

Linguistic human rights in relation to the mother tongue consist of the right to identify with it, and to education and public services through the medium of it, i.e. the __.

mother tongue(s)

The period beginning with the Final Act of the Congress of Vienna (1815) and featuring the first international instruments safeguarding national minorities is called the __ period.

Second period

The pre-1815 phase is considered the __ phase, with language rights largely absent from international treaties.

First phase

An early constitutional model recognizing language rights is the Austrian Constitutional Law of 1867, which guaranteed equal rights to minorities to education and public life in their own language.

Austrian Constitutional Law of 1867

Universal human rights covenants typically provide language rights in education as overt non-discrimination rather than explicit __-oriented provisions.

maintenance

Linguicism is defined as a modern form of racism based on __.

language

The UN Declaration on the Rights of the Child stresses maintenance of identity including language, but its education clause is characterized as __ toleration.

covert

Lau v. Nichols established that providing equal facilities is not enough if students do not understand the __ of instruction.

language

The European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages proclaims that the right to use a regional or minority language in private and public life is an __ right.

inalienable

The CSCE Copenhagen Document (1990) states that national minorities should have the right to maintain their identity and should not be subjected to __ against their will.

assimilation

Two kinds of linguistic rights are distinguished: ' rights' (mother tongue plus official language) and 'enrichment-oriented rights' (foreign languages).

necessary

The UN 1992 Declaration Article 2.1 states that minorities have the right to use their own language in private and in public, freely and without any form of __.

discrimination

The fifth period saw renewed interest in minority rights, including the drafting of several multilateral declarations; this period is called the __ period.

Fifth period

To formulate universal declarations, the authors propose a maximalist position for minorities and a __ position for majorities.

minimalist

The Recife Declaration (1987) recommended steps toward a universal declaration of linguistic rights, proposing that steps be taken by the United Nations and other bodies; this is the 'Declaration of __'.

Recife

An early push toward a universal declaration of linguistic rights was the __ of Recife (1987).

Declaration of Recife

The FIPLV draft 'Universal Declaration of Language Rights' was criticized for ambiguity around terms like 'mother tongue' and 'official language'; the proposal is associated with the organization __.

FIPLV

The language rights grid plots on the vertical axis of degree of overtness and the horizontal axis of degree of __.

promotion

The Belgian Linguistic Case influenced the European Court’s interpretation that education should, if possible, be provided in the state's __ language.

national

Enrichment-oriented linguistic rights concern learning and using __ languages.

foreign

Belonging to a national minority, per the CSCE Copenhagen Document, is defined as a matter of an individual's __.

choice

Litigation has shown that rights on paper fail without resources and __ to enforce them.

enforcement

The authors argue that 'necessary rights' are inalienable linguistic human rights, while 'enrichment-oriented rights' are important but not __.

inalienable