Agricultural Patterns Overview

Reference maps

Designed for general information about places

Thematic Maps

Communicate how human activities are distributed

Cartogram

Map where thematic variable is substituted for land area

Isoline

Connects points of equal value on a map

Proportional Symbol

Uses symbols of different sizes to represent data

Choropleth

Uses shading to show different data values

Dot Density

Uses dots to represent a specific quantity

Clustering

Spatial pattern where items are grouped together

Dispersal

Spatial pattern where items are distributed widely

Elevation

Levels of height/depth on the land

Absolute distance

Exact measurement between two points

Relative distance

Approximate measurement between two points

Map Projections

Distort shape, size, distance, and direction on maps

Robinson Map

Map with small distortions in everything

Gall Peters

Map distorting shape of countries near the equator

Mercator Map

Accurate shapes and directions but distorted near poles

Goode

Accurate continent sizes but inaccurate directions

Geospatial Data

Includes physical features and human activities

Geographic Information System (GIS)

Captures, stores, and displays Earth's surface data

GPS

Uses satellite data to pinpoint locations

Remote Sensing

Taking Earth surface images from satellites for analysis

Census data

Official count of individuals in a population

Absolute location

Precise spot where something is located

Relative Location

Position of something in relation to other things

Space

Extent of an area in relative or absolute terms

Place

Specific human and physical characteristics of a location

Distance Decay

Effect of distance on cultural or spatial interactions

Time-Space Compression

Increasing connectivity despite unchanged distances

Pattern

Regular arrangement of something in an area

Epidemiological Model

Explains societal development and changes in causes of death over time

Pestilence and Famine

Stage 1 of demographic transition with high death rates from infectious diseases

Receding Pandemics

Stage 2 of demographic transition with improved sanitation and medicine

Degenerative and Human-created diseases

Stage 3 of demographic transition with a shift to chronic disorders

Delayed Degenerative

Stage 4 of demographic transition with extended life expectancy

Malthusian Theory

Population grows faster than food supply, advocating for family planning

Antinatalist policies

Incentivize fewer children; may include penalties for having more

Pronatalist policies

Incentivize more children within a country

Dependency ratio

Ratio of non-working dependents to working population

Life expectancy

Average years a person in a country is expected to live

Contraception

Methods to prevent pregnancy

Ravenstein's Laws of Migration

Principles including short-distance migration and step migration

Asylum seeker

Person seeking residence in another country due to persecution

Chain migration

Series of migrations within a group influenced by initial migrants

Forced migration

Migration due to necessity, not choice

Guest worker

Legal immigrant allowed to work temporarily in a country

Internally displaced persons

Forced to flee home but remain within their country

Refugee

Person fleeing their home country and unable to return

Transhumance

Seasonal movement of animal herds between highlands and lowlands

Transnational migration

Moving across borders into another country

Voluntary migration

Migration by choice, not forced

Brain drain

Loss of skilled workers from an area seeking better opportunities

Cultural landscapes

Physical environment altered by human activities

Ethnic Neighborhoods

Distinct cultural areas within a larger region

Sense of place

Deeply felt identity by inhabitants and visitors of a location

Relocation Diffusion

Ideas spread by carriers as they migrate to new areas

Expansion Diffusion

Spread of ideas through a population, continuously enlarging

Contagious Diffusion

Spread of a phenomenon through close contact, like diseases

Hierarchical Diffusion

Spread from most connected individuals to others in a hierarchy

Creole or creolized language

Language combining two others, spoken as primary by a group

Lingua Franca

Mutually understood language by people with different native languages

Colonialism

Establishing settlement in a territory, imposing political, economic, and cultural principles

Imperialism

Extending influence through political or military force to developed areas

Globalization

World interaction driven by trade, investment, and technology

Time-Space Convergence

Decrease in travel time due to transportation and communication innovations

Cultural Convergence

Cultures acquiring common ideas, becoming more similar

Cultural Divergence

Cultural regions exposed to different influences, becoming dissimilar

Indigenous language

Native language spoken by indigenous people in a region

Language extinction

Language no longer spoken as a native language by anyone

Dialect

Different forms of the same language with varied vocabulary and pronunciations

Language family

Group of languages descended from an original, proto-language

Nomadic Warrior Theory

Language diffusion through nomadic movement or conquest

Sedentary Farmer Theory

Language diffusion through farmers relocating

Ethnic religion

Religion focused on a single ethnic group, not appealing to all

Universalizing religion

Religion appealing to all people with a worldwide focus

Pilgrimage

Religious journey to a sacred place

Acculturation

Adoption of cultural traits by one group under the influence of another

Assimilation

Process of losing distinct cultural traits to blend in

Multiculturalism

Coexistence of various ethnic groups without losing identities

Syncretism

Blending traits from different cultures to form new ones

State

Political unit with recognized boundaries, population, and governance

Nation

People sharing culture and history, desiring political autonomy

Nation-states

State with a single nation, rare instances exist

Stateless nations

Nations without independent states

Multinational states

States with two or more nations

Autonomous region

Self-governing area not an independent country

Semi-autonomous region

Region with limited self-governing powers

Oil Reserves

Significant underground deposits of oil

Natural Gas Reserves

Substantial underground reserves of natural gas

Maritime Resources

Resources found in oceans, seas, and coastal areas

Sovereignty Tension

Conflict over authority and control of a territory

Internal Boundaries

Divisions within a country for administrative purposes

Redistricting

Redrawing voting district boundaries due to population changes

Gerrymandering

Manipulating voting district boundaries for political advantage

Democracy

Government where power rests with the people through elected representatives

Unitary State

Country with strong central government and weak regional governments

Federal State

Country with strong central and regional governments sharing power

Devolution

Transfer of power from central to lower level government

Physical Geography

Geographic features influencing political boundaries

Ethnic Separatism

Desire for independence based on ethnic differences

Ethnic Cleansing

Mass expulsion or killing of unwanted ethnic or religious groups