Brent – Lower Limb & Movement Analysis Flashcards

This flashcard set breaks down Brent’s functional movements during squatting and caregiving tasks, focusing on joint actions, involved muscles (with origin and insertion), phases of movement, and stabilising structures. It also includes motor control system concepts (sensory input, integration, and motor output) to link anatomy and physiology with coordinated functional movement. Each card isolates key details — from specific muscle functions to joint capsule structures — to help you memorise and apply knowledge for practical exams or assessments.

Erector Spinae

what is the name of the group of muscles that have ‘Iliocostalis, longissimus, spinalis’ in them

Iliocostalis Origin

Sacrum, iliac crest, lumbar vertebrae

Iliocostalis Insertion

Ribs and cervical vertebrae

Longissimus Origin

Sacrum, lumbar vertebrae, thoracic transverse processes

Longissimus Insertion

Thoracic and cervical transverse processes, mastoid process

Spinalis Origin

Lumbar and thoracic spinous processes

Spinalis Insertion

Thoracic and cervical spinous processes

Main Action of Erector Spinae

Trunk extension and lateral flexion

Multifidus Function

Segmental stabilization of the spine

Multifidus Origin

Sacrum and transverse processes of vertebrae

Multifidus Insertion

Spinous processes 2-4 levels above

Rectus Abdominis Function

Flexes the trunk

Rectus Abdominis Origin

Pubic crest and pubic symphysis

Rectus Abdominis Insertion

Xiphoid process and costal cartilages of ribs 5-7

External Obliques Function

Rotate and laterally flex the trunk

External Obliques Origin

Ribs 5-12

External Obliques Insertion

Iliac crest and linea alba

Internal Obliques Function

Assists in trunk flexion, rotation, and stabilizes pelvis

Internal Obliques Origin

Iliac crest, thoracolumbar fascia

Internal Obliques Insertion

Ribs 10-12, linea alba, pubis

Iliopsoas Function

Main hip flexor

Psoas Major Origin

Lumbar vertebrae

Iliacus Origin

Iliac fossa

Iliopsoas Insertion

Lesser trochanter of femur

Gluteus Maximus Function

Extends the hip during lifting

Gluteus Maximus Origin

Posterior ilium, sacrum, coccyx

Gluteus Maximus Insertion

Gluteal tuberosity of femur, iliotibial band

Hamstrings Function

Also extend the hip

Hamstrings Origin

Ischial tuberosity (long head), femur (short head of biceps femoris)

Tibia

Bone located in the back of the lower leg, associated with the semitendinosus and semimembranosus muscles.

Fibula

Bone located in the back of the lower leg, associated with the biceps femoris muscle.

Quadriceps

Muscle group responsible for knee extension, consisting of rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, and vastus intermedius.

Rectus femoris

Muscle that originates from the anterior inferior iliac spine (AIIS) and is part of the quadriceps.

Vasti muscles

Muscles that originate from the femur and are part of the quadriceps.

Tibial tuberosity

Insertion point for the quadriceps via the patella tendon, located at the front of the shin.

Tibialis anterior

Muscle that dorsiflexes the ankle, originating from the lateral tibia and interosseous membrane.

Medial cuneiform

Insertion point for the tibialis anterior, located at the foot.

Gastrocnemius

Muscle that plantarflexes the ankle, originating from the medial and lateral femoral condyles.

Soleus

Muscle that plantarflexes the ankle, originating from the posterior tibia and fibula.

Calcaneus

Insertion point for gastrocnemius and soleus via the Achilles tendon, located at the heel.

Brent's movement factors

Individual factors affecting movement include age, strength, endurance, proprioception, coordination, and fatigue.

Environmental factors

Factors affecting movement include floor surface, child movement, space, distractions, and shoes.

Task factors

Factors affecting movement include repetition, load, attention, and coordination.

Trunk flexion

Movement that occurs at the trunk during Phase 1 (Reaching to Squat).

Hip flexion

Movement that occurs at the left hip during Phase 1, along with slight abduction.

Iliopsoas

Muscle that flexes the left hip in Phase 1.

Knee flexion

Movement that occurs at the left knee during Phase 1.

Hamstrings

Muscles that eccentrically control left knee flexion in Phase 1.

Dorsiflexion

Movement that occurs at the left ankle during Phase 1.

Multifidus

Muscle that stabilizes the trunk during Phase 2.

Shoulder extension

Movement that occurs at the left shoulder during Phase 2, along with slight adduction and internal rotation.

Posterior deltoid

Back of shoulder

Latissimus dorsi

Mid-back

Teres major

Back of shoulder

Elbow flexion

Bending the arm

Biceps brachii

Front of upper arm

Brachialis

Front of upper arm

Brachioradialis

Front of upper arm

Neutral or slight flexion

Wrist ready for paddle catch

Trunk extension and rotation toward the paddle

Pulling power from core

External obliques

Back + oblique twist

Shoulder flexion with slight external rotation

Pulling forward

Anterior deltoid

Front of shoulder

Pectoralis major (clavicular head)

Front of shoulder

Elbow flexion maintained

Pulling arm toward body

Neutral to slight extension

Keep paddle aligned

Trunk flexion/extension to return to neutral

Reset position

Erector spinae (recovery phase)

Stabilize and control

Multifidus (recovery phase)

Stabilize and control

Obliques (recovery phase)

Stabilize and control

Shoulder flexion to return arm forward

Bring arm back to start

Extension to prepare for next catch

Straighten arm

Controlled flexion to neutral

Position for next paddle stroke

Coordination and proprioception

Knowing where limbs are

Fatigue effects on lifting

Reduced strength, slower reaction, higher injury risk

Environmental factors affecting squatting

Floor surface, space, distractions

Task factors affecting squatting efficiency

Repetition, load (child's weight), posture

Anterior deltoid origin

Lateral 1/3 of clavicle

Anterior deltoid insertion

Deltoid tuberosity of humerus

Pectoralis major (clavicular head) origin

Medial 1/2 of clavicle

Pectoralis major insertion

Lateral lip of bicipital groove of humerus

Latissimus dorsi origin

T7-L5 spinous processes, iliac crest, sacrum, lower ribs

Latissimus dorsi insertion

Floor of bicipital groove of humerus

Trapezius (upper fibers) origin

External occipital protuberance, nuchal ligament, C7 spinous process

Trapezius insertion

Lateral 1/3 of clavicle, acromion, spine of scapula

Biceps Femoris (Long Head)

Hamstring muscle

Biceps Femoris (Long Head) origin

Ischial tuberosity (of the pelvis)

Biceps Femoris (Long Head) insertion

Head of fibula

Semitendinosus

Hamstring muscle 

Semitendinosus origin

Ischial tuberosity

Semitendinosus insertion

Medial surface of tibia (part of pes anserinus with gracilis + sartorius)

Semimembranosus

Hamstring muscle

Semimembranosus origin 

Ischial tuberosity

Semimembranosus insertion

Posterior surface of medial tibial condyle