Western Civ chapter 7 and 8 quiz

Policy

A plan or course of action adopted by a government or ruler

Aqueduct

A man-made channel built to carry water to cities

Civil Service

A group of people employed by the government to carry out administrative work

Succession

The process by which power or a title is passed from one ruler to another

Colosseum

A large amphitheater in Rome used for public spectacles and entertainment

Pax Romana

“Roman Peace,” a period of stability and prosperity in the Roman Empire (27 BCE–180 CE)

Augustus

The first Roman emperor, established the empire, created Pax Romana, and reformed government and military

Julian Emperors

A series of emperors from the family of Julius Caesar and Augustus, including Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius, and Nero

“Good” Emperors

Roman emperors who ruled effectively and justly, including Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, and Marcus Aurelius

Epicureanism

A philosophy teaching that life’s goal is to seek pleasure and avoid pain through moderation

Stoicism

A philosophy teaching self-control, virtue, and acceptance of fate

Satire

A literary work using humor, irony, or exaggeration to criticize society or politics

Villa

A large country house or estate, often luxurious, for wealthy Romans

Epicurus

Greek philosopher who founded Epicureanism, emphasizing moderate pleasure

Zeno

Greek philosopher who founded Stoicism, emphasizing self-discipline and rationality

Meditations

Personal writings of Marcus Aurelius reflecting on Stoic philosophy and duty

Livy

Roman historian who wrote Ab Urbe Condita, chronicling Rome’s history

Virgil

Roman poet who wrote the Aeneid, celebrating Rome’s origins

Aeneid

Epic poem by Virgil telling the story of Aeneas, Trojan hero and ancestor of Romans

Juvenal

Roman poet known for writing satire criticizing corruption and society

Tacitus

Roman historian who wrote Annals and Histories, focusing on emperors and morality

The Pantheon

Temple in Rome dedicated to all gods, famous for its dome and oculus

Disciple

A follower or student of a teacher, especially Jesus

Apostle

A person sent on a mission to spread a message, especially early Christian leaders

Martyr

Someone who dies for their beliefs, often in religious context

Messiah

“Anointed one,” savior; in Christianity, Jesus

Bishop

Church leader in charge of a region of Christians

Pope

Bishop of Rome; leader of the worldwide Christian Church

Jerusalem

Holy city in Judea, central to Judaism and Christianity

Herod

King of Judea under Roman rule, known for rebuilding the Second Temple and being a harsh ruler

Jesus

Central figure of Christianity, preached love and forgiveness, crucified under Pontius Pilate

Gospels

The first four books of the New Testament telling the life and teachings of Jesus

Pontius Pilate

Roman governor of Judea who ordered Jesus’ crucifixion

Paul (Saul)

Early Christian missionary who spread Christianity to non-Jews and wrote letters in the New Testament

Zealots

Jewish rebels opposed to Roman rule

Masada

Fortress in Judea where Zealots made a last stand against Romans, mass suicide occurred

Petrine Doctrine

Belief that Jesus gave Peter leadership of the Church, basis for papal authority

Diocletian

Roman emperor who divided the empire into Eastern and Western halves and persecuted Christians

Constantine

Roman emperor who reunited the empire, legalized Christianity, and established Constantinople as the new capital

Eastern Empire

The eastern half of the Roman Empire after Diocletian’s division; wealthier, Greek-speaking, survived longer

Western Empire

The western half of the Roman Empire after Diocletian’s division; Latin-speaking, invaded by Germanic tribes, collapsed in 476 CE

Edict of Milan

Law issued by Constantine granting religious tolerance, especially for Christians

Constantinople

Capital city of the Eastern Empire established by Constantine; major trade and defense center

Huns

Nomadic warriors from Central Asia who pressured tribes into Roman lands and contributed to the fall of the Western Roman Empire

Whereas

Word used to compare or contrast two things

Primary

First-hand or original source of information

Guaranteed

Promised or ensured

Insulae

Apartment buildings in ancient Rome where most people lived

Pater familias

Male head of a Roman family with control over property and decisions

Latifundia

Large estates in Rome worked by slaves

Hadrian's Wall

Wall built in Britain by Emperor Hadrian to protect Roman territory from northern tribes

Nile River

Major river in Egypt, source of water, agriculture, and trade

Mesopotamia

“Land between rivers” (Tigris and Euphrates); location of early civilizations

Tigris River

River in Mesopotamia important for farming and early civilization

Euphrates River

River in Mesopotamia important for farming and early civilization

Balkan Peninsula

Region in southeast Europe, strategic for Roman expansion

Tiberius

Julian emperor; efficient but unpopular.

Tiberius, the second Roman emperor, consolidated and managed the empire’s vast territories through cautious governance but grew increasingly reclusive and authoritarian in his later years.

Caligula

Julian emperor; cruel and extravagant, short reign

Claudius

Julian emperor; expanded empire (concured britian), competent ruler

Nero

Julian emperor; extravagant, persecuted Christians, caused unrest

Nerva

“Good” emperor; adopted Trajan to ensure peaceful succession

Trajan

“Good” emperor; expanded empire to largest size, built public works

Hadrian

“Good” emperor; consolidated borders, built Hadrian’s Wall

Antoninus Pius

“Good” emperor; peaceful and prosperous reign. NO WARS during his reign

Marcus Aurelius

“Good” emperor; philosopher-king, Stoic, defended empire

Horace

Roman poet who wrote odes praising Rome and its values

Spartacus

Gladiator who led a major slave revolt against Rome

Cicero

Roman orator, writer, and philosopher; promoted law and civic duties