Ch1 Microbio

microbes include:

bacteria, archaea, protozoa, fungi, helminths, algae, viruses, and prions

Size of microbes smallest to largest:

prions< virus,< bacteria/archaea< eukaryote

prions and viruses acellular while rest are cellular

Which of the following is not considered a microbe?

A. Bacterium

B. Alga

C. Mushroom

D. Protozoan

mushrooms

pathogens

microbes that cause disease, however not all pathogens are microbes

The US is better than other countries with diseases present because:

proper hygiene, clean water, and vaccination. Covid is the only condition most clearly caused by microbes in the US

Cellular organization:

eukaryote=

bacteria and archaea=

viruses=

prions=

eukaryote= has nuclei, biggest in size compared to other microbes

bacteria and archaea= no nuclei aka they are prokaryotes

viruses= very simple, they have some nucleic acid wrapped in protein; some have membrane called envelope; range of genes is small to big (3~20); can infect bacteria since bacteria is a cell

prions= pieces of proteins that are infectious; improper folding causes their fibers to stick out; join tog. with other misfolded proteins to form aggregates (clusters) and/or influences other proteins to misfold

Viruses and prions are…

not considered living because they are not cells

Which of the following is not considered a form of

biotechnology?

A. Creation of a wheat strain resistant to pests

B. Using lab-altered microbes to clean up an oil spill

C. Transferring DNA from one bacteria to another

D. Fermenting a new wine

D. Fermenting a new wine

Place the organisms below in order from largest to smallest.

A. Protozoan

B. Virus

C. Bacterium

D. Helminth

E. Prion

helminth> protozoan> bacterium> virus> prion

What are the 4 macromolecules?

lipids, carbs, proteins, and nucleic acids

lipids—> triglycerides, phospholipids, waxes, steroids

waxes= mycolic acid which is important for hydrophobic layer of tuberculosis

phospholipids (fatty acids) with a bent tail:

unsaturated= looser membrane which means they stay liquid at lower temps so they are associated with cool temps (think oil)

phospholipids (fatty acids) with an unbent tail:

saturated= tighter membrane which means they stay solid at warmer temps so they are associated with warm temps (think butter)

phospholipid bilayer

hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail; phosphate head is (-) charged so it likes water

cholesterol

structural support of animal cell membrane. too much of it causes too much rigidity which is why high cholesterol is bad

primary structure of protein

amino acid sequence

secondary structure of protein

beta pleated sheet, alpha helix, random coils

tertiary structure of protein

folded polypeptide chain (3D)

quaternary structure of protein

not every protein has this; multiple subunits—> 2 or more folded polypeptide chains

native state of protein

properly folded (tertiary or quaternary structure)= functioning

denatured state of protein

unfolding of protein structure to the point it can’t function

DNA vs RNA

DNA= deoxyribose sugar, thymine, double stranded

RNA= ribose sugar, uracil, single stranded

each nucleic acid has:

3 phosphates

ATP is:

short term energy storage; makes RNA

Cells vs. Viruses

Cells= came from the last common ancestor, always have a plasma membrane, may have a cell wall

viruses= genome may only be RNA, are obligate parasites (an organism that requires a living host), outer layer is mainly protein

True or false: A phospholipid is one type of triglyceride.

false