Biology (H) Semester 1 Finals Study

adhesion

The attraction between different kinds of molecules.

fluid mosaic model

Diverse protein molecules embedded in a fluid phospholipid bilayer.

biotechnology

Using living organisms to make useful products or technologies (like developing medicines).

cohesion

Sticking together molecules of the same kind, often through hydrogen bonds.

isotope

 Different forms of an element, with the same number of protons but different amounts of neutrons

what are 7 characteristics of life

Order/Organization, Reproduction, Metabolism, Homeostasis, Growth, Reaction to Stimuli, Adaptation

12 stages of hierarchy of life

Atoms - Molecules - Organelles - Cells - Tissues - Organs - Organ Systems - Organism - Population - Community - Ecosystem - Biosphere.

5 elemental building blocks of life

CHONP

what are elements and compounds

elements cannot be broken down, and compound consists of 2+ elements

when are electrons equal to protons

only in neutral atoms

electrons in positive/negative atoms

protons minus amount of ions

hydrogen bonds

bonds that keep water molecules attracted to each other

ionic bonds

attraction between 2 atoms of different charges

covalent bonds

2 atoms sharing 1+ electrons

polar covalent

electrons are not shared equally, molecules have charges

nonpolar covalent

electrons are shared equally, molecules don't have charges

chemical bonds

atoms have incomplete outer shells so they have covalent bonds to form complete outer shell.

acids in pH scale

0-6.9. more hydrogen ions than sodium hydroxide.

bases in pH scale

7.1-14. more sodium hydroxide than hydrogen ions

why is carbon unique

forms 4 covalent bonds, forming stable molecular structures

hydroxyl

(OH) found in carbohydrates

carboxyl

(COOH) found in proteins, lipids

amino groups

(NH3) found in proteins

functions of carbohydrates

short term energy and structure (cellulose)

function of lipids

long term energy

functions of proteins

movement, structure, enzymes, immunity

saturated fats

only contain single bonds in hydrocarbon chain

unsaturated fats

healthier than saturated, and contains double bonds in hydrocarbon chains, causing kinks

difference of fats and oils

fats are solid at room temp, and oils are liquid at room temp

4 levels of structure in proteins

amino acids held by peptide bonds, polypeptide chain folds helix/pleated shape, folds to 3D compact shape, combines multiple of these to form protein

why do proteins denature

from extreme pH, temp, or concentration of salt

coarse adjustment

Allows the stage to move vertically (larger piece).

fine adjustment

helps focus image (smaller piece).

what do both prokaryotes and eukaryotes only contain?

DNA, Cytoplasm, Ribosomes, Cell Membrane

cell theory

All living things are composed of cells, cells come from pre-existing cells, and are the basic units of life.

rough ER

animal + plants cells, transports and modifies ribosomes

smooth ER

animals + plants, lipid synthesis and detoxifies poisons

golgi apparatus

animals + plants cells, sorts & modifies ribosomes (shipping department)

centriole/centrosome

animal cells, controls cell shape during cell division

what happens when cells get too large

cells lose efficiency, hard time getting food or wasting products. SA should be more than V for cells to function.

hypotonic for animal cells

less solute outside cell, causing lysed for cell

hypotonic for plant cells

less solute outside cell, so cell is turgid normal

isotonic for animal cells

equal solute levels, normal

isotonic plant cells

equal solute levels, flaccid, limp cell

hypertonic animal cells

more solute outside cell, so cell shrinks

hypertonic plant cells

more solute outside cell, so cell shrivels

examples of active transport

endocytosis (cell eating, drinking), exocytosis

kinetic energy

energy in motion (heat)

potential energy

stored energy (chemical energy)

second law of thermodynamics

disorder of system increases overtime. lose energy through energy transformations (which can generate heat).

what can affect enzymes

pH and temperature

enzymes are essential as they are

needed to start chemical reaction, and lowers activation energy

cellular respiration inputs and outputs

6 O2 + 6glucose = 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + 36 ATP

4 stages of cellular respiration

glycosis, pyruvate oxidation, 2 krebs cycles, ETC

lactic acid fermentation

occurs in animals, yogurt. glucose + NAD = 2 ATP + 2 Lactate

alcoholic fermentation

occurs in yeast. glucose + NAD = 2 ATP + 2 CO2 + 2 Ethanol

redox reactions

transferring 1+ electrons, like oxidation or reduction

photoautotrophs

type of autotroph that uses light energy to produce food (plants, algae)

heterotrophs

organism that must have food by consuming other organisms (animals, bacteria, fungi).

photosynthesis inputs and outputs

6 CO2 + 6 H2O + light energy = Glucose + 6 O2

how many turns of Calvin cycle produces glucose and why

2 turns, as three carbon (1 G3P) is released per cycle

where does light dependent & independent reactions occur

light dependent occurs on thylakoid membrane, light independent occurs in stroma outside thylakoid.

what is always start codon in DNA sequences

AUG (codes for methionine)

main difference between DNA/RNA

RNA has ribose sugar, and is single stranded, and has uracil

what do nucleotides contain

sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous base

what bonds hold DNA strands together

hydrogen bonds

DNA Polymerase makes new DNA strands in what direction only? what two different strands can be formed?

5’ to 3’ direction. leading + lagging strands.

stages of translation

initiation: everything binds together with start codon. elongation: polypeptide chain forms. termination: ends from stop codon, polypeptide is released.

silent mutation

substitution where codon codes for the same amino acids, no changes

missense

substitution that changes codon to code for different amino acid

nonsense

substitution which codes for stop codon, so premature termination occurs

why does differentiation occur

to express different genes within same genome, as they perform different roles

why do female calico cats form

because of X chromosome inactivation

why is dolly the sheep important

first mammal that successfully cloned from adult somatic cell

nuclear transplantation

replacing nucleus from egg cell with nucleus from adult somatic cell. this divides and forms embryo.

why is gene cloning good when producing proteins

it can produce a LOT of proteins, and is more safe

what is the potency of embryonic and adult stem cells

embryonic is pluripotent, adult is multipotent

what is adult stem cells

cells that repair damaged tissues and regenerate them (skin, blood)

why is cDNA important

it is used for gene cloning and studying coding regions of DNA

why would someone want to use STR analysis

for human identification, missing persons, paternity testing

how do you know if there is a good hypothesis

if, then statements. must be testable, defines independent and dependent variables

components of scientific process

question, forming hypothesis, design experiment, analyze data, conclusion, results

what is difference between science and technology

science is where you ask questions, and technology is applying your knowledge to find answers, like vaccines

control group

comparision in experiment between variables

what is the structure of amino acids

Amino and Carboxyl Group, Central Carbon Atom, Hydrogen Atom, R Group