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cognition
all mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating
schema
concept or framework that organizes and interprets information
assimilation
interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas
accommodation
adapting current schemas to incorporate new info
4 major stages according to piaget
sensorimotor, pre operational, concrete operational, formal operational
sensorimotor
birth to 2, world is observed through senses
preoperational
2 to 6-7, able to represent thing with words and images but too young to perform mental operation, using intuition instead of logic
concrete operational
7 to 11, thinking logically and grasping concrete analogies, performing more complex math operations
Formal operational
12 through adulthood, formal reasoning, abstract thinking
Object permanence
Awareness an object still exists even when not perceived
Conservation
Principle that quantity remains the same despite changes in shape
Egocentrism
difficulty taking another’s point of view
Difference between Piaget and current researchers
Piaget felt development was in stages, current researches feel it is more continuous
Difference between vygotsky and Piaget
Piaget emphases growth through interaction with environment, vygotsky emphasized growth through interaction with social-cultural environment
Scaffolding
Framework that offers children temporary support as they develop higher levels of thinking
Theory of mind
People’s ideas about their own and others mental states
Imaginary audience
Teens imagine what other are thinking about them
Personal fable
Believing they are unique and special and that what happens to “most people” would never happen to them
At peak of formal operations
Apply abstract reasoning to the world around them
Two crucial tasks of childhood and adolescence
Discerning right from wrong, developing character
New belief is that morality is rooted in
Moral intuition
Focus of today’s character education
Thinking, feeling, doing the right thing
Dementia
Cognitive disorder that impairs memory, cognition, and decision-making
Reason for adults remembering many events from teens and twenties
Lots of “firsts”
Prospective memory
Memory for doing future things
language
agreed-upon system of spoken, written, or signed words and the ways they are combined to communicate meaning
3 parts of Chomsky’s language acquisition
phonemes, morphemes, grammar
phonemes
smallest distinctive sound unit in a language
morphemes
smallest language unit that carries meaning
grammar
system of rules that enables people to communicate (semantics and syntax)
universal grammar
human’s innate predisposition to understand principles and rules in all languages
receptive language
4 months, can recognize differences in speech, sounds, and can read lips
7 months ability that adults struggle to do
segment spoken sounds into individual words
productive language
ability to produce words
babbling stage
4 months, sample sounds that can be made
one-word stage
age 1, sounds carry meaning, begin to use sound to communicate meaning
two-word stage
age 2, form two word sentences usually with very noun or adjective noun combinations
telegraphic speech
early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram, using nouns and verbs
age limit for critical period for learning a language
7 years
impact of culture and environment t on language development
lower-quality language leads to less language skill
challenges of deaf children
unable to communicate in customary ways, school achievement may suffer, socialization is difficult
major issue for adults that lose their hearing
spend more time trying to “hear” words that they can’t perceive, comprehend, or remember
aphasia
impairment of language
broca’s aphasia
left frontal lobe, struggle to form words
wernicke’s aphasia
left temporal lobe, can’t understand other’s sentences and only speak meaningless sentences
4 mental functions that occur when learning a language
speaking, perceiving, thinking, remembering
linguistic determinism
wharf’s hypothesis that language determines the way we think
linguistic relativism
idea that language influences the way we think
reason for bilingual children exhibit enhanced social skills
better able to understand another’s perspective
memory type when thinking in images instead of words
implicit memory (procedural)
