Chapter 15: The Ferment of Reform and Culture (1790-1860)

Second Great Awakening

A major religious revival movement in the early 19th century that sought to reinvigorate American Christianity

• emphasized personal piety and salvation for all

Peter Cartwright

Influential circuit rider known for his energetic preaching style during the 2nd Great Awakening

Charles Grandison Finney

Introduced new revivalist techniques and emphasized social reform along religious fervor during the 2nd Great Awakening

abolitionism, temperance

The Second Great Awakening sparked various reform movements including ? and ?

Mormons

A religious group founded by Joseph Smith in the 1830s

• introduced the Book of Mormon as a new scripture

• faced significant persecution

  • they migrated to Utah

• Known as the Church of Christ of Latter Day Saints

polygamy

The Mormons practiced odd things like ? which alienated them from mainstream American society

culture, diversity

The Mormons continue to influence American ? and religious ? to this day

Horace Mann

Known as the “Father of the American Public School System”

• part of the Public School Movement in the 19th century

• aimed to provide free, universal education to all children

organized, accessible, teachers, democracy

Horace Mann’s efforts helped to establish a more ? and ? educational system across numerous states

• emphasized trained ?

• argued education was vital for ?

Oberlin College

A pioneer college founded in 1833 in Ohio

• one of the first to provide coeducation and the admission of African American students

• aimed to promote social reform

progressive, justice, abolitionism, women’s rights

Oberlin College stands as a symbol of ? education and social ?

• Promoted social reform, including ? and ?

Dorothea Dix

A 19th century reformer best known for her work advocating for the rights of the mentally ill

• documented inhumane conditions in asylums and prisons

mental hospitals, treatment, perception

Dorothea Dix helped to establish ? for the mentally ill to give them better ?

• she basically completely changed the public ? of mental illness

American Temperance Society

An organization during the Temperance movement who sought to reduce alcohol consumption in the United States

Neal Dow

A major figure of the American Temperance Society and the Temperance Movement

abuse, crime, poverty, Prohibition

The American Temperance Society tried to address social problems associated with alcohol ? such as ? and ?

• led to the greater ? movement in the 20th century

Seneca Falls Convention

the First Women’s Rights Convention in the US and a pivotal moment in the women’s suffrage movement

Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Lucretia Mott

the Seneca Falls Convention was organized by ? and ?

Declaration of Sentiments

A declaration made during the Seneca Falls Convention that outlined the injustices women faced and called for equal rights, such as the right to vote

• drew heavy inspiration from the Declaration of Independence

men, women, women’s

The Seneca Falls Convention asserted that all ? and ? were created equal

• laid the foundation for the ? right’s movement

Susan B. Anthony

Prominent social reformer and women’s rights activist in the 19th century

• key role in the Women’s Suffrage Movement

• worked very hard to get women’s right to vote

National Women’s Suffrage

Susan B. Anthony worked with Elizabeth Cady Stanton to co-found the ? Association

feminist

Susan B. Anthony laid the groundwork for future ? movements and was even commemorated on the U.S. dollar coin

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Leading figure in the women’s rights movement and a key architect of the suffrage movement in the United States

• gained prominence after the Seneca Falls Convention in 1848

education, property, reproductive

Elizabeth Cady Stanton was a strong advocate for women’s ?, ? rights, and ? rights

gender equality

Elizabeth Cady Stanton’s efforts laid the groundwork for future advancements in ?

Utopias

Groups who sought to create ideal societies based on various social and religious principles in the 19th century

New Harmony

An attempted utopia founded by Robert Owen who emphasized communal living and education

Brook Farm

An attempted utopia created by Transcendentalist thinkers who aimed to blend intellectual pursuits with agricultural work

Oneida Community

An attempted utopia led by John Humphrey Noyes who practiced complex marriage and communal ownership

The Shakers

An attempted utopia known for their celibate lifestyle and emphasis on craftsmanship

reform, living

The popularity of utopias in the 19th century represented the broader ? movements of the time and explored alternative ways of ?

Federal Style

A style of architecture popularized during Thomas Jefferson’s presidency

• also called the “Neo-Classical” architecture

Greek, Roman, democracy, republicanism

The Federal style reflected the influences of ancient ? and ? design

• characterized by symmetry, grandeur, and the use of columns and pediments

• symbolized the ideals of ? and ?

architectural

The Federal Style remains as a significant part of America’s ? heritage

Hudson River School

An influential American art movement in the mid-19th century that romanticized American landscapes

Thomas Cole

An important artist who was part of the Hudson River School movement

• emphasized the beauty of nature

nationalism, destiny, artistic

The Hudson River School emphasized themes of American ? and manifest ?

• established a distinct American ? identity

Romanticism Movement

A movement in the early 19th century that marked a shift from Enlightenment rationalism to an emphasis on emotion, nature, and individualism in art and literature

Washington Irving

A Romanticism writer who often incorporated themes of folklore and humor into his stories

James Fenimore Cooper

A Romanticism writer who focused on frontier life and the relationship between humans and nature in his stories

literary, nationalism

The Romanticism movement celebrated a new ? American identity and contributed to a growing sense of ?

• it also influenced future American writers

Transcendentalism

A philosophical and literary movement that emerged in the 1830s emphasizing the inherent goodness of people and nature

• Ralph Waldo Emerson argued that true knowledge transcends empirical experiences

abolitionism, women’s rights

The Transcendence Movement promoted social reforms including ? and ?