ATP & Enzymes

ATP Hydrolysis

ATP + H₂O—> ADP + Pi

Used For

Active transport, enzyme reaction, movement

ATP & Energy Coupling 1

movent of cells

ATP & Energy Coupling 2

active transport, ex na k pump

ATP & Energy Coupling 3

enzyme reactions that are endergonic

Enzymes

almost are proteins, biological catalyst, recognize substrate by functional groups and shape, dont change G only activiationn energy

Biological Catalyst

speed up reactions without being consumed in the reaction

Enzymes dont…

DONT change G only activitation energy

Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity

temp

pH

salt concentration

co factors

substrate

example temp affecting enzyme activity

temp going above or below optimal body temp of 37c

example pH affecting enzyme activity

saliva ph below or above 8.0

example salt concentration affecting enzyme activity

seawater animals need salt in water

example co factors affecting enzyme activity

organic and inorganic

example of organic co factor

FAD

example of unorganic co factor

Fe

vMax in substrate

all active sites are filled with substrate SATURATED

Km in subsrate

substrate concentration at half it minimum

Regulation of Enzyme activity

activators

inhibitors

allostenic regulation

feedback

chemical

Activators

POSITIVE, stimulate activity, bind to enzyme changing its conformation

Inhibitors

SLOW DOWN/STOP activityt, bind to enzyme changing conformation

3 Types of Inhibitors

competitive, non competitive, uncompetitive

Competitive Inhibitor

compete with substrate for the same activation site in enzyme

How does a competitive inhibitor affect a graph

vMax stays the same, Km increases

Non competitive Inhibitor

binds to the protein somwhere else than the activation site

How does a noncompetitive inhibitor affect a graph

vMax decreases, Km stays the same

Uncompetitive Inhibitor

binds to the activitatiuon site after the substrate

How does a uncompetitive inhibitor affect a graph

vMax decreases, Km decreases

Allostenic Regulation

have active and inactive forms, based on binding to activators, inhibitors, or substrate

Feedback Regulation

pathway

A —> B —> C —> D —> E

*—————————End

Inhibits an early enzyme and stops the product

Chemical Regulation

made to activate or not

adding functional groups

example of chemical regulation

Na and K pump in phosphorylation