ALL Concept Checks Chapters 1-14

Miguel recently began feeling sad and lonely. Although still able to function at work and fulfill other responsibilities, he finds himself feeling down much of the time and he worries about what is happening to him. Which of the definitions of abnormality apply to Miguel’s situation?

(a) societal norm violation,

(b) impairment in functioning,

(c) dysfunction

(d) distress

d

Three weeks ago, Jane, a 35-year-old business executive, stopped showering, refused to leave her apartment, and started watching television talk shows. Threats of being fired have failed to bring Jane back to reality, and she continues to spend her days staring blankly at the television screen. Which of the definitions seems to describe Jane’s behavior?

(a) societal norm violation,

(b) impairment in functioning,

(c) dysfunction

(d) distress

b, c

Maria should recover quickly with no intervention necessary. Without treatment, John will deteriorate rapidly.

(a) presenting problem,

(b) prevalence,

(c) incidence,

(d) prognosis,

(e) course

(f) etiology.

d

Three new cases of bulimia have been reported in this county during the past month and only one in the next county.

(a) presenting problem,

(b) prevalence,

(c) incidence,

(d) prognosis,

(e) course

(f) etiology.

c

Elizabeth visited the campus mental health center because of her increasing feelings of guilt and anxiety.(a) presenting problem,

(b) prevalence,

(c) incidence,

(d) prognosis,

(e) course

(f) etiology.

a

Biological, psychological, and social influences all contribute to a variety of disorders.

(a) presenting problem,

(b) prevalence,

(c) incidence,

(d) prognosis,

(e) course

(f) etiology.

f

The pattern a disorder follows can be chronic, time- limited, or episodic.

(a) presenting problem,

(b) prevalence,

(c) incidence,

(d) prognosis,

(e) course

(f) etiology.

e

How many people in the population as a whole suffer from obsessive-compulsive disorder?

(a) presenting problem,

(b) prevalence,

(c) incidence,

(d) prognosis,

(e) course

(f) etiology.

b

Supernatural causes; evil demons took over the victims’ bodies and controlled their behaviors.

(a) bloodletting; induced vomiting;

(b) patient placed in socially facilitative environ- ments;

(c) exorcism; burning at the stake.

c

The humoral theory reflected the belief that normal functioning of the brain required a balance of four bodily fluids or humors.

(a) bloodletting; induced vomiting;

(b) patient placed in socially facilitative environ- ments;

(c) exorcism; burning at the stake.

a

Maladaptive behavior was caused by poor social and cultural influences within the environment.

(a) bloodletting; induced vomiting;

(b) patient placed in socially facilitative environ- ments;

(c) exorcism; burning at the stake.

b

Treating institutionalized patients as normally as possible and encouraging social interaction and relationship development.

(a) behavioral model,

(b) moral therapy,

(c) psychoanalytic theory,

(d) humanistic theory.

b

Hypnosis, psychoanalysis-like free association and dream analysis, and balance of the id, ego, and superego.

(a) behavioral model,

(b) moral therapy,

(c) psychoanalytic theory,

(d) humanistic theory.

c

Person-centered therapy with unconditional positive regard.

(a) behavioral model,

(b) moral therapy,

(c) psychoanalytic theory,

(d) humanistic theory.

d

Classical conditioning, systematic desensitization, and operant conditioning.

(a) behavioral model,

(b) moral therapy,

(c) psychoanalytic theory,

(d) humanistic theory.

a

The fact that some phobias are more common than others (such as fear of heights and snakes) and may have contributed to the survival of the species in the past suggests that phobias may be genetically prewired. This is evidence for which influence?

(a) behavioral,

(b) biological,

(c) emotional,

(d) social,

(e) developmental.

b

Jan’s husband, Jinx, was an unemployed jerk who spent his life chasing women other than his wife. Jan, happily divorced for years, cannot understand why the smell of Jinx’s brand of aftershave causes her to become nauseated. Which influence best explains her response?

(a) behavioral,

(b) biological,

(c) emotional,

(d) social,

(e) developmental.

a (best answer) or c

Nathan, age 16, finds it more difficult than his 7-year-old sister to adjust to his parents’ recent separation. This may be explained by what influences?

(a) behavioral,

(b) biological,

(c) emotional,

(d) social,

(e) developmental.

e

A traumatic ride on a Ferris wheel at a young age was most likely to have been the initial cause of Juanita’s fear of heights. Her strong emotional reaction to heights is likely to maintain or even increase her fear. The initial development of the phobia is likely a result of ______________ influences; however, ______________ influences are likely perpetuating the phobia.

(a) behavioral,

(b) biological,

(c) emotional,

(d) social,

(e) developmental.

a (initial), c (maintenance)

The first 20 pairs of chromosomes program the development of the body and brain.

False (first 22 pairs)

No individual genes have been identified that cause any major psychological disorders.

True

According to the diathesis–stress model, people inherit a vulnerability to express certain traits or behaviors that may be activated under certain stress conditions.

True

The idea that individuals may have a genetic endowment to increase the probability that they will experience stressful life events and therefore trigger a vulnerability is in accordance with the diathesis–stress model.

False (reciprocal gene-environment model)

Environmental events alone influence the development of our behavior and personalities.

False (complex interaction of both nature and nurture)

Movement, breathing, and sleeping depend on the ancient part of the brain, which is present in most animals.

(a) frontal lobe,

(b) brain stem,

(c) GABA,

(d) midbrain,

(e) serotonin,

(f) dopamine,

(g) norepinephrine,

(h) cerebral cortex.

b

Which neurotransmitter binds to neuron receptor sites, inhibiting postsynaptic activity and reducing overall arousal?

(a) frontal lobe,

(b) brain stem,

(c) GABA,

(d) midbrain,

(e) serotonin,

(f) dopamine,

(g) norepinephrine,

(h) cerebral cortex.

c

Which neurotransmitter is a switch that turns on various brain circuits?

(a) frontal lobe,

(b) brain stem,

(c) GABA,

(d) midbrain,

(e) serotonin,

(f) dopamine,

(g) norepinephrine,

(h) cerebral cortex.

f

Which neurotransmitter seems to be involved in our emergency reactions or alarm responses?

(a) frontal lobe,

(b) brain stem,

(c) GABA,

(d) midbrain,

(e) serotonin,

(f) dopamine,

(g) norepinephrine,

(h) cerebral cortex.

g

This area contains part of the reticular activating system and coordinates movement with sensory output.

(a) frontal lobe,

(b) brain stem,

(c) GABA,

(d) midbrain,

(e) serotonin,

(f) dopamine,

(g) norepinephrine,

(h) cerebral cortex.

d

Which neurotransmitter is believed to influence the way we process information, as well as to moderate or inhibit our behavior?

(a) frontal lobe,

(b) brain stem,

(c) GABA,

(d) midbrain,

(e) serotonin,

(f) dopamine,

(g) norepinephrine,

(h) cerebral cortex.

e

More than 80% of the neurons in the human central nervous system are contained in this part of the brain, which gives us distinct qualities.

(a) frontal lobe,

(b) brain stem,

(c) GABA,

(d) midbrain,

(e) serotonin,

(f) dopamine,

(g) norepinephrine,

(h) cerebral cortex.

h

This area is responsible for most of our memory, thinking, and reasoning capabilities and makes us social animals.

(a) frontal lobe,

(b) brain stem,

(c) GABA,

(d) midbrain,

(e) serotonin,

(f) dopamine,

(g) norepinephrine,

(h) cerebral cortex.

a

Karen noticed that every time Tyrone behaved well at lunch, the teacher praised him. Karen decided to behave better to receive praise herself.

(a) learned helplessness,

(b) modeling,

(c) prepared learning,

(d) implicit memory.

b

Josh stopped trying to please his father because he never knows whether his father will be proud or outraged.

(a) learned helplessness,

(b) modeling,

(c) prepared learning,

(d) implicit memory.

a

Greg fell into a lake as a baby and almost drowned. Even though Greg has no recollection of the event, he hates to be around large bodies of water.

(a) learned helplessness,

(b) modeling,

(c) prepared learning,

(d) implicit memory.

d

Juanita was scared to death of the tarantula, even though she knew it wasn’t likely to hurt her.

(a) learned helplessness,

(b) modeling,

(c) prepared learning,

(d) implicit memory.

c

What we ______________ is strongly influenced by our social environments.

fear

The likelihood of your having a particular phobia is powerfully influenced by your ______________.

gender

A large number of studies have demonstrated that the greater the number and frequency of ______________ relationships and ______________, the longer you are likely to live.

social, contact

The effect of social and interpersonal factors on the expression of physical and psychological disorders may differ with ______________.

age

The principle of ______________ is used in developmental psychopathology to indicate that we must consider a number of paths to a given outcome.

equifinality

Dr. Swan listened carefully to Joyce’s speech pat- tern, noting its speed, content, and continuity. He noticed no loose association but did hear indications of delusional thoughts and visual hallucinations.

(a) appearance and behavior,

(b) thought processes,

(c) mood and affect,

(d) intellectual functioning,

(e) sensorium.

b

Andrew arrived at the clinic accompanied by police, who had found him dressed only in shorts although the temperature was 23°F. He was reported to the police by someone who saw him walking slowly down the street, making strange faces, and talking to himself.

(a) appearance and behavior,

(b) thought processes,

(c) mood and affect,

(d) intellectual functioning,

(e) sensorium.

a

When Lisa was brought to Dr. Miller’s office, he asked if she knew the date and time, her identity, and where she was.

(a) appearance and behavior,

(b) thought processes,

(c) mood and affect,

(d) intellectual functioning,

(e) sensorium.

e

Dr. Jones viewed as inappropriate Tim’s laughter after discussing his near-fatal incident and noted that Tim appeared to be elated.

(a) appearance and behavior,

(b) thought processes,

(c) mood and affect,

(d) intellectual functioning,

(e) sensorium.

c

Holly’s vocabulary and memory seemed adequate, leading Dr. Adams to estimate that she was of average intelligence.

(a) appearance and behavior,

(b) thought processes,

(c) mood and affect,

(d) intellectual functioning,

(e) sensorium.

d

R (reliable) or NR (not reliable) and V (valid) or NV (not valid)

__ , __ EEG to show electrical activity in the brain of someone who has seizures

R, V

R (reliable) or NR (not reliable) and V (valid) or NV (not valid)

____ , ____ Rorschach inkblots

NR, NV

R (reliable) or NR (not reliable) and V (valid) or NV (not valid)

____ , ____Structured interviews with definite answers

R, V

R (reliable) or NR (not reliable) and V (valid) or NV (not valid)

____ , ____Sentence completion

NR, V

In a treatment study, the introduction of the treatment to the participants is referred to as the __________.

independent variable

Aer the treatment study has been completed, you nd that many people in the control group received treatment outside of the study. This is called a __________.

confound

A researcher’s guess about what a study might find is labeled the ___________.

hypothesis

Scores on a depression scale improved for a treatment group after therapy. The change in these scores would be referred to as a change in the __________.

dependent variable

A relative lack of confounds in a study would indicate good __________, whereas good generalizability of the results would be called good __________.

internal validity, external validity

A researcher changes the level of noise several times to see how it affects concentration in a group of people.

(a) case study,

(b) correlation,

(c) randomized clinical trials,

(d) epidemiology,

(e) experiment,

(f) single-case experimental design.

e

A group of researchers uses chance assignment to include participants in one of two treatment groups and uses published protocols to make sure treatment is applied uniformly.

(a) case study,

(b) correlation,

(c) randomized clinical trials,

(d) epidemiology,

(e) experiment,

(f) single-case experimental design.

c

A researcher wants to investigate the hypothesis that as children go through adolescence they listen to louder music.

(a) case study,

(b) correlation,

(c) randomized clinical trials,

(d) epidemiology,

(e) experiment,

(f) single-case experimental design.

b

A researcher is interested in studying a woman who had no contact with civilization and created her own language.

(a) case study,

(b) correlation,

(c) randomized clinical trials,

(d) epidemiology,

(e) experiment,

(f) single-case experimental design.

a

A researcher wants to know how different kinds of music will affect a 5-year-old who has never spoken.

(a) case study,

(b) correlation,

(c) randomized clinical trials,

(d) epidemiology,

(e) experiment,

(f) single-case experimental design.

f

CS (cross-sectional) and L (longitudinal)

Benefits:

1\. __________ Shows individual development

2\. __________ Easier

3\. __________ No cohort effects

Limitations:

4\. __________ Cohort effects

5\. __________ Cross-generational effect

6\. __________ No individual development data

L, CS, L, CS, L, CS

After participants are told the nature of the experiment and their role in it, they must be allowed to refuse or agree to sign an informed consent form.

True

If the participant is in the control group or taking a placebo, informed consent is not needed.

False

Research in universities or medical settings must be approved by the institution’s review board regarding whether or not the participants lack the cognitive skills to protect themselves from harm.

True

Participants have a right to concealment of their identity on all data collected and reported.

True

When deception is essential to the research, participants do not have to be debriefed regarding the true pose of the study.

False

A _____________ is an abrupt experience of intense fear or acute discomfort accompanied by physical symptoms, such as chest pain and shortness of breath.

(a) comorbidity,

(b) panic attack,

(c) expected,

(d) neurotransmitter,

(e) brain circuits,

(f) stressful.

b

An _____________ panic attack often occurs in certain situations but not anywhere else.

(a) comorbidity,

(b) panic attack,

(c) expected,

(d) neurotransmitter,

(e) brain circuits,

(f) stressful.

c

Anxiety is associated with specific _____________ (for example, behavioral inhibition system or fight/flight system) and _____________ systems (for example, noradrenergic).

(a) comorbidity,

(b) panic attack,

(c) expected,

(d) neurotransmitter,

(e) brain circuits,

(f) stressful.

e, d

The rates of _____________ among anxiety and related disorders are high because they share the common features of anxiety and panic.

(a) comorbidity,

(b) panic attack,

(c) expected,

(d) neurotransmitter,

(e) brain circuits,

(f) stressful.

a

_____________ life events can trigger biological and psychological vulnerabilities to anxiety.

(a) comorbidity,

(b) panic attack,

(c) expected,

(d) neurotransmitter,

(e) brain circuits,

(f) stressful.

f

GAD is characterized by muscle tension, mental agitation, irritability, sleeping difficulties, and susceptibility to fatigue.

True

Most studies show that in the majority of cases of GAD, onset is early in adulthood as an immediate response to a life stressor.

False (gradual)

GAD is prevalent in the elderly and in females in our society.

True

GAD has no genetic basis.

False

Cognitive-behavioral treatment and other psychological treatments for GAD are probably better than drug therapies in the long run.

True

Panic Disorder is a disorder in which an individual experiences anxiety and panic triggered by being in an “unsafe” situation.

False (panic attacks occur unexpectedly in panic disorder, even in “safe” situations)

About 40% of the population meets the criteria for panic disorder at some point in life.

False (3.5%)

Some individuals with panic disorder are suicidal, have nocturnal panic, and/or are agoraphobic.

True

Psychological treatments like PCT or CBT are highly effective for treating panic disorder.

True

Mark had no friends at school and hid in the boys’ bathroom during both lunch and recess.

(a) blood–injection–injury,

(b) acrophobia,

(c) animal,

(d) social,

(e) natural environment,

(f) other.

d

Dennis fears and strenuously avoids storms. Not surprisingly, on his first oceangoing cruise, he found that deep water terrified him, too.

(a) blood–injection–injury,

(b) acrophobia,

(c) animal,

(d) social,

(e) natural environment,

(f) other.

e

Rita was comfortable at the zoo until the old terror gripped her at the insect display.

(a) blood–injection–injury,

(b) acrophobia,

(c) animal,

(d) social,

(e) natural environment,

(f) other.

c

Armando would love to eat fish with his fishing buddies, but he experiences an inordinate fear of choking on a bone.

(a) blood–injection–injury,

(b) acrophobia,

(c) animal,

(d) social,

(e) natural environment,

(f) other.

f

John had to give up his dream of becoming a surgeon because he faints at the sight of blood.

(a) blood–injection–injury,

(b) acrophobia,

(c) animal,

(d) social,

(e) natural environment,

(f) other.

a

Rachel turned down several lucrative job offers that involved public speaking and took a low-paying desk job instead.

(a) blood–injection–injury,

(b) acrophobia,

(c) animal,

(d) social,

(e) natural environment,

(f) other.

d

Farrah can’t visit her rural friends because of her fear of snakes.

(a) blood–injection–injury,

(b) acrophobia,

(c) animal,

(d) social,

(e) natural environment,

(f) other.

c

Judy witnessed a horrific tornado level her farm 3 weeks ago. Since then, she’s had many flashbacks of the incident, trouble sleeping, and a fear of going outside in storms.

(a) posttraumatic stress disorder,

(b) acute stress disorder,

(c) delayed onset posttraumatic stress disorder.

b

Jack was involved in a car accident 6 weeks ago in which the driver of the other car was killed. Since then, Jack has been unable to get into a car because it brings back the horrible scene he witnessed. Nightmares of the incident haunt him and interfere with his sleep. He is irritable and has lost interest in his work and hobbies.

(a) posttraumatic stress disorder,

(b) acute stress disorder,

(c) delayed onset posttraumatic stress disorder.

a

Patricia was raped at the age of 17, 30 years ago. Just recently, she has been having flashbacks of the event, difficulty sleeping, and fear of sexual contact with her husband.

(a) posttraumatic stress disorder,

(b) acute stress disorder,

(c) delayed onset posttraumatic stress disorder.

c

_____________ are intrusive and nonsensical thoughts, images, or urges an individual tries to eliminate or suppress.

Obsessions

The practices of washing, counting, and checking to suppress obsessions and provide relief are called _____________.

Compulsions

The lifetime prevalence of OCD is approximately _____________, or even lower.

1\.6%

_____________ is a radical treatment for OCD involving a surgical lesion to the cingulate bundle.

Psychosurgery

Last week, as he does about every 3 months, Ryan went out with his friends, buying rounds of drinks, socializing until early morning, and feeling on top of the world. Today Ryan will not even get out of bed to go to work, see his friends, or even turn on the lights.

(a) mania,

(b) double depression,

(c) persistent depressive disorder,

(d) major depressive episode,

(e) bipolar I disorder.

e

Feeling certain he would win the lottery, Charles went on an all-night shopping spree, maxing out all his credit cards without a worry. We know he’s done this several times, feeling abnormally extreme elation, joy, and euphoria.

(a) mania,

(b) double depression,

(c) persistent depressive disorder,

(d) major depressive episode,

(e) bipolar I disorder.

a

Ayana has had some mood disorder problems in the past, although some days she’s better than others. Many days it seems like she has fallen into a rut. Although she manages to get by, she has trouble making decisions because she doesn’t trust herself.

(a) mania,

(b) double depression,

(c) persistent depressive disorder,

(d) major depressive episode,

(e) bipolar I disorder.

c

For the past few weeks, Jennifer has been sleeping a lot. She feels worthless, can’t get up the energy to leave the house, and has lost a lot of weight. Her problem is the most common and extreme mood disorder.

(a) mania,

(b) double depression,

(c) persistent depressive disorder,

(d) major depressive episode,

(e) bipolar I disorder.

d

Eusebio is always down and a bit blue, but occasionally he becomes so depressed that nothing pleases him.

(a) mania,

(b) double depression,

(c) persistent depressive disorder,

(d) major depressive episode,

(e) bipolar I disorder.

b

Women are approximately twice as likely as men to be diagnosed with a mood disorder.

True