Egypt + Sudan- Section 1b

Regional case study on Egypt and Sudan from 1890-1914

who replaced the Mahdi after his death in 1885

Khalifa Abdullah

what country helped divert attention of the Khalifa away from Egypt and where

• Italy

• begun to expand on the Red Sea at the coast of Massawa

when was Italy defeated and where

• at Adowa

• 1896

• trying to seize Abyssinia

who led the army Br sent to Sudan and when

• sirdar Kitchener

• 1896

how far was Kitchener ordered to go into Sudan and how far did he actually go

• ordered to go only to Dongola but went to Khartoum

how many troops did Kitchener have in Sudan and how many more were sent and when

• 18k troops

• gov sent an additional 8k in 1897

what is the name of the railroad Kitchener built, where, how long and when completed

• Sudan Military Railroad

• 200km long

• in the Nubian desert from Wadi Halfa to Abu Hamed

• completed Oct 1897

how much did the Sudan Military Railroad cut travel times by

went from weeks to 24 hours

what is the name of the first British victory against the Mahdists and when

• Battle of Atbara

• April 1898

how many Mahdist troops were defeated at the Battle of Atbara

15k

where did the Mahdists retreat to after the battle of Atbara and how many troops did they raise

• retreated to Omdurman

• raised army of 50k

what weapons did the Mahdists have

antique rifles and spears; unadvanced compared to the British

what Br tech did they have at the Battle of Omdurman

• 50 pieces of artillery

• 10 gunboats

• 5 auxiliary steamers

• 40 maxim guns

• Metford and Enfield rifles

how many rounds can a maxim gun fire in a minute

600

when was the battle of Omdurman

1-2nd September 1898

what happened on the 1st Sep 1898

Br gunboats fired on Omdurman

what happened on the 2nd Sep 1898

Mahdists attacked at dawn but were easily defeated by 11am

how many Mahdists and Br/Egyptian forces died, were injured or captured

• Mahdists:

  • 10k died

  • 13k injured

  • 5k capture

• Anglo-Egyptian:

  • 47 died

  • 340 injured

how much did the pop of Sudan decline under the Mahdist regime

by 50%

what type of governance was Sudan after the Battle of Omdurman, when and who led

• it was made a condominium; ruled by the British for the Egyptians

• 1899

• Kitchener was appointed Governor-General; given £30k for his work

what region of Sudan did the British find it hard to subdue and how long did it take them to subdue it

South Sudan; took them over 30 years

how many punitive expeditions were led by the Br to try to subdue S Sudan

33

when were there further Mahdist uprisings in Sudan

• 1900

• 1902-03

• 1904

• 1908

name of port the British opened in Sudan to help its trade and when opened

Port Sudan; opened 1906

name of French foreign minister who sent expedition to Fashoda

Gabriel Hanotaux

how many French soldiers were sent to Fashoda, who led them, where did they leave from and when did they leave and reach Fashoda

• 150 men

• led by Jean-Baptiste Marchand

• left from Gabon

• left in 1896 and arrived 10 July 1898

when did the Br arrive in Fashoda, who led them and how many troops were there

• arrived 18 September 1898

• led by Kitchener

• 1.5k troops

when did Marchand w/draw from Fashoda

November 1898

name of agreement between France and Britain as a result of the Fashoda incident, when and what did it do

• Declaration of 21 March 1899

• French agreed not to try to take Sudan and recognised the Nile watershed as boundary between their spheres of influence

how many Br advisers were estimated to be in the Egyptian gov by 1905

over 1000

when was Egypt made an official Br protectorate; when and why

• November 1914

• as the Ottoman empire sided with the Central Powers in WW1

name of the khedive in Egypt that was pro-Ottoman and deposed and the name of the new khedive

• deposed Khedive Abbas II

• put in Hussein Kamel

three key issues with Br admin in Egypt

• Capitulations

• Caisse de la Dette

• Mixed courts

name of the nationalist party in Egypt, when founded and when revived

• al-Hizb al Watani

• founded 1881, revived 1893

what class was the key class that supported the nationalist movement in Egypt

middle class

what class benefited the most from Br rule

upper class

why didn’t the Br promote cloth-making in Egypt

they wanted to protect their cloth-making industry in Lancashire

name of the nationalist that Baring put into his gov and what position he put them into

• Saad Zaghluls Pasha

• Minister for Educatioin

name the two reforms Baring made to help quality of life for the fellahins

• abolished the kurbash (heavy whip used on fellahin)

• abolished the corvee (unpaid labour of the fellahin as form of tax)

name of the dam built under Baring, who and when opened

• Aswan Dam

• built by John Aird

• opened 1902 after 6 years of construction

how long and high was the Aswan Dam and how many acres of desert was irrigated by it

• 18 miles high

• ¼ mile long

• irrigated 1/2m acres of desert

name key tourism company in Egypt

Thomas Cook and son; Egypts largest employer

how many Br troops did Baring place in Egypt and who were they under the control of

6k; under control of Kitchener

in 10 years, how much did cotton and sugar exports increase by under Baring

trebled

how much did the Egyptian pop increase by under Baring

increased from 7m to 10m

name of incident that led to Baring’s resignation and when

• Denshawai incident

• 1906

how many villagers were arrested, convicted of murder, executed or given hard labour and floggings

• 52 arrested

• 4 convicted of murder and executed

• 26 given hard labour and floggings

what was the Egyptian policeman that testified for the villagers given as punishment

• 2 years imprisonment and 50 lashes

how much money was Baring given on his return to Br and what did he do when he returned

• given £50k

• wrote two vol book in his times in Egypt, published 1908

name of Barings successor and when he ruled as Consul-General

• Eldon Gorst

• 1907-1911

name of law Gorst introduced, when and what it did

• 1909 Regulation Law

• imprisoned criminals without trial to stop growing nationalism

• also restricted press in 1909