Unit 5 and 6

Intensive Farming

A type of agriculture that involves high levels of input, labor, and technology per unit of land, often resulting in high yields.

Market Gardening

A form of horticulture that focuses on growing high-value, perishable crops for sale in local or urban markets.

Plantation Agriculture

Large-scale commercial farming that typically specializes in the cultivation of a single crop, often in tropical or subtropical regions.

Mixed Crop/Livestock

A type of farming that combines the cultivation of crops and the raising of livestock in a complementary manner.

Extensive Farming

Agriculture that requires relatively low inputs and labor per unit of land, often involving large land areas and lower yields.

Shifting Cultivation

A traditional farming method that involves rotating fields to allow soil to recover after periods of cultivation.

Nomadic Herding

A livelihood based on the continuous movement of livestock in search of fresh pasture and water.

Ranching

The practice of raising and grazing livestock, often on large, open tracts of land, with minimal cultivation of crops.

Clustered Settlement

A settlement pattern characterized by closely grouped buildings and houses, often found in rural or historic areas.

Linear Settlement

A settlement pattern characterized by buildings and houses arranged along a linear feature, such as a road or river.

Dispersed Settlement

A settlement pattern where buildings and houses are spread out over a wide area, often found in rural regions.

Metes and Bounds

A system of land surveying that uses natural features and distances to define property boundaries.

Township and Range

A system of land surveying used in much of the United States, involving the division of land into a grid of townships and ranges.

Long Lot

A land division pattern that gives each landowner access to a river or road, typical in parts of North America.

Domestication

The process by which humans selectively breed and cultivate plants and animals for specific traits or purposes.

Fertile Cresent

An ancient region in the Middle East known for its early agricultural development and fertile land.

Columbian Exchange

The exchange of plants, animals, and diseases between the Old World (Europe, Asia, and Africa) and the New World (the Americas) following Christopher Columbus's voyages.

Second Agricultural Revolution

A period of significant agricultural innovation and improvement in the 18th and 19th centuries, including the use of new crop varieties and farming techniques.

Green Revolution

A period of rapid agricultural advancement in the mid-20th century, characterized by the development of high-yielding crop varieties and increased use of technology and chemicals.

Subsistence Farming

Agriculture primarily aimed at producing enough food for the farmer's family and local consumption.

Monocropping

The practice of growing a single crop repeatedly on the same land, often leading to soil depletion and pest issues.

Monoculture

The cultivation of a single crop species over large areas, typically in commercial agriculture.

Commercial Farming

Agriculture primarily focused on producing crops and livestock for sale in markets and distribution.

Bid-Rent Theory

An economic theory that explains how the price and demand for land vary with proximity to urban centers.

Commodity Chain

The network of production, distribution, and consumption that links the various stages of production for a particular commodity.

Economies of Scale

The cost advantages that result from increasing the scale of production and reducing per-unit costs.

Carrying Capacity

The maximum population size that an environment can support with available resources.

Von Thunen Model

A theoretical model that explains the spatial distribution of agricultural activities based on transportation costs and market access.

Global Supply Chain

The interconnected network of production, distribution, and consumption that spans multiple countries and regions.

Commodity Dependence

A situation in which a country relies heavily on the export of a single commodity or resource for its economic well-being.

Desertification

The process by which productive land becomes desert due to factors such as soil erosion and climate change.

Soil Salinization

The buildup of salt in the soil, often caused by excessive irrigation, which can harm crops.

Slash and Burn

An agricultural method involving the cutting and burning of vegetation to clear land for cultivation.

Terracing

A farming technique that involves creating stepped or sloped land surfaces for cultivation, often used on hilly or mountainous terrain.

Pastoral Nomadism

A way of life based on herding animals and moving them to different pastures in search of food and water.

Biotechnology

The use of biological processes, organisms, or systems to develop or create products or technologies.

GMO

An organism whose genetic material has been altered through genetic engineering to achieve specific traits or characteristics.

Urban Farming

The practice of growing food and raising animals within urban or metropolitan areas.

Value-Added Speciality Crops

Crops that have undergone additional processing or modification to increase their value or market appeal.

Organic Farming

A farming method that avoids the use of synthetic chemicals and emphasizes sustainable and environmentally friendly practices.

Food Insecurity

The lack of consistent access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food to maintain a healthy and active life.

Food Desert

An area with limited access to affordable and nutritious food, often due to the absence of grocery stores or markets.Urbanization

Suburbanization

The movement of people, industry, and businesses from central cities to the suburbs, often resulting in suburban growth.

Site

The physical characteristics and attributes of a specific location, including its topography, climate, and soil.

Situation

The location of a place relative to its surroundings and its accessibility to other areas.

Megacity

An extremely large city, typically with a population of over 10 million people.

Metacity

A city with an exceptionally large population, exceeding 20 million people.

Perhipery

The outer or less developed regions surrounding a city or country.

Semi-Perhipery

Regions that are intermediate in terms of development, often serving as a link between core and periphery areas.

Sprawl

The unplanned and often uncontrolled expansion of urban areas into nearby rural lands.

Edge City

A concentration of businesses and entertainment facilities in the suburbs, often resembling a small city.

Exurb

Areas beyond the suburbs characterized by low population density and rural or semi-rural characteristics.

Boomburb

A rapidly growing suburban community with a strong local economy and increasing population.

World City

A major international city that serves as a global hub for finance, culture, commerce, and transportation.

Globalization

The process of increased interconnectedness and interdependence among countries and regions, resulting in greater economic, cultural, and political exchange.

Interdependence

The mutual reliance and interconnectedness of countries, regions, or cities on each other for various resources and services.

Central Place Theory

A geographic theory that explains the distribution of goods and services in relation to the spatial pattern of settlements.

Rank-Size Rule

A rule stating that the second largest city is 1/2 the size of the largest city. The third largest is 1/3 the size of the largest, and so on.

Primate City

A city that has more than double the population of the next largest city.

Concentric Zone Model

An urban model that describes cities as a series of concentric rings or zones, with different functions and characteristics in each zone.

Sector Model

An urban model that suggests that cities grow in a series of sectors, with certain areas becoming more desirable for various activities.

Multiple Nuclei Model

An urban model that suggests that cities have multiple centers of development and activity, each with its own unique characteristics.

Galactic City Model

An urban area characterized by decentralized suburban development, often associated with automobile-dependent transportation patterns.

Bid-Rent Theory

An economic theory that explains how the price and demand for land vary with proximity to the city center.

Low-Density Housing

Residential development characterized by a low concentration of housing units per acre, often in suburban areas.

Medium-Density Housing

Residential development with a moderate concentration of housing units per acre, typically in transitional or mixed-use areas.

High-Density Housing

Residential development with a high concentration of housing units per acre, often found in urban cores or high-rise buildings.

Infrasctructure

The physical and organizational structures and facilities needed for the operation of a society, including transportation, utilities, and communication networks.

Zoning

The regulation of land use and development within a municipality or city, often through the designation of specific zones for different types of activities.

Mixed-Land Use

The practice of combining different types of land use, such as residential, commercial, and industrial, within the same area or development.

Walkability

The ease with which people can walk to various destinations, often influenced by factors like sidewalks, street design, and proximity of amenities.

Smart-Growth

A planning approach that aims to create sustainable, well-planned urban areas with reduced environmental impact.

New Urbanism

An urban design and planning movement that emphasizes walkability, mixed land use, and community-oriented development.

Greenbelt

An area of open land or parkland surrounding a city, often designed to limit urban sprawl and protect natural environments.

Slow-Growth City

A city that prioritizes controlled and limited development to maintain quality of life and environmental sustainability.

Quantitative Data

Data that is expressed in numerical or statistical form, often measurable and objective.

Qualitative Data

Data that is descriptive and non-numerical, often involving subjective observations or attributes.

Redlining

A discriminatory practice in which banks and lenders refuse to provide loans or services to certain neighborhoods or communities, often based on racial or ethnic criteria.

Blockbusting

A practice in which real estate agents encourage homeowners to sell their properties at low prices by suggesting that a change in the racial or ethnic composition of the neighborhood is imminent.

Disamenatity Zones

Areas within a city characterized by extreme poverty, lack of basic services, and substandard living conditions.

Squatter Settlement

Informal and often illegal housing developments that are built by individuals or families on land they do not own or have legal rights to.

Gentrification

The process of urban renewal and redevelopment in which higher-income individuals and businesses move into a historically disadvantaged neighborhood, often leading to the displacement of lower-income residents.

Suburban Sprawl

The uncontrolled and often inefficient expansion of suburbs into previously undeveloped or rural areas.

Ecological Footprint

A measure of the environmental impact of an individual, community, or nation, often expressed in terms of the land and resources required to support a particular lifestyle or level of consumption.

Brownfields

Abandoned or underutilized industrial or commercial properties that may be contaminated or environmentally compromised