Cell Reproduction

We're Going to Succeed in Jesus Name

G1

Cell cycle phase where the cell grows and prepares for DNA replication. Cells make proteins and organelles needed for later stages. (Longest Stage)

S phase (Synthesis phase)

DNA is copied so that each new cell will have a full set of genetic instructions. Each chromosome becomes two identical sister chromatids connected at a point known as the centromere

G2 phase

The cell continues to grow and makes more proteins and organelles. It also checks for any DNA replication errors and fixes them before mitosis.

Mitosis (m phase)

A single cell divides into two identical daughter cells with a full set of identical DNA.

4 Parts to it:

Prophase

Metaphase

Anaphase

Telophase

Prophase (1st phase)

DNA coils up and forms visible chromosomes, spindle fibers are formed, and nuclear membrane breaks down

Metaphase (2nd phase)

Chromosomes move to the center of the cell and spindle fibers attach to each chromosome

Anaphase (3rd phase)

Single fibers pull the chromosomes apart creating two identical halves that move toward opposite poles of the cell.

Telophase (4th phase)

Two new nuclei are formed and a new nuclear membrane forms around each set of DNA

Cytokinesis (HAPPENS RIGHT AFTER MITOSIS)

The cells fully splits into two identical daughter cells with each new cell having the same DNA as the original cell

The cell pinches

Interphase (The stages RIGHT BEFORE MITOSIS G1, S, G2)

The DNA is unorganized in chromatin and the nucleus is visibleas the cell prepares for division, including growth and DNA replication.

A cell is in Mitosis only 10% of the time

Chromosome

Has 4 components in order from its outermost parts to its most interior:

Telomere on the outmost part

Short Arm and Long Arms

Chromatid along the arms

Centromere in the Center

Chromosome Part

Telomere

Chromosone Part

Centromere

Chromosome Part

Chromatid are along the arms of the chromosome

Chromosome Parts

Pair Sister Chromatids

Short Arm and Long Arm

Results of Cell Division

Two identical daughter cells are created with the same exact copy of the original DNA

*it helps organisms grow and repair damaged cells

Effects of a error in a stage of division (Metaphase & Anaphase)

If chromosomes don’t line up properly in the middle during metaphase or If sister chromatids don’t separate correctly in anaphase then one daughter cell may end up with too many or too crhomosomes

ex. genetic disorder Down syndrome

Effects of Error in S Phase

If DNA replication isn’t accurate or if there mutations that aren’t repaired then the cell will cary damaged or incorrect DNA into the new cells which can cause Cancer or cell death