apush 8c

brown v board of education of topeka

brown v board of education of topeka

ruled that segregation in the public schools was inherently unequal and thus unconstitutional. This would reverse the decision of the 1896 Plessy v. Ferguson case that allowed separate but equal facilities.

thurgood marshall

American civil rights lawyer, first black justice on the Supreme Court of the United States. Marshall was a tireless advocate for the rights of minorities and the poor.

southern manifesto

a document written in February and March 1956, in the United States Congress, in opposition to racial integration of public places. The Southern Manifesto defends states' rights and “separate but equal" and a denial that racial animosity existed in southern communities.

little rock central high school/little rock 9

In September 1957 the school board in Little rock, Arkansas, won a court order to admit nine African American students to Central High a school with 2,000 white students. The governor ordered troops from Arkansas National Guard to prevent the nine from entering the school.

rosa parks

United States civil rights leader who refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white man in Montgomery (Alabama) and so triggered the national civil rights movement

montgomery bus boycott

a political and social protest campaign against the policy of racial segregation on the public transit system of Montgomery, Alabama.

dr martin luther king jr

U.S. Baptist minister and civil rights leader. A noted orator, he opposed discrimination against blacks by organizing nonviolent resistance and peaceful mass demonstrations. He was assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee.

southern christian leadership conference

Organization formed by MLK in 1957. -Aimed to mobilize the vast power of the black churches on behalf of black rights. -Trained and tested African Americans for ability to remain calm so they could participate nonviolently in marches and "sit ins"

SNCC (student nonviolent coordinating committee)

a group established in 1960 to promote and use non-violent means to protest racial discrimination; they were the ones primarily responsible for creating the sit-in movement. Lyndon B. Johnson.

lunch counter sit-ins

protests by black college students, 1960-1961, who took seats at "whites only" lunch counters and refused to leave until served; in 1960 over 50,000 participated in sit-ins across the South. Their success prompted the formation of the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee.

james meredith

the first black American to attend the Univesity of Mississippi after beign blocked several times by segregationist politicians. An icon of the Civil Rights Movement,

george wallace

Southern populist and and segregationist, as governor of Alabama, he famously defended his state's policies of racial segregation. He ran for president several times as a Democrat, but achieved his greatest influence when he ran as a third-party canidate in 1968, winning five states.

project C

In Birmingham, Alabama during the spring of 1963, African American children and young adults joined their elders in the Birmingham Campaign. Also, known as Project C, this effort attempted to overturn the city's harsh segregation laws and practices through sit-ins, boycotts, and marches.

bull connor

Birmingham police commissioner who arrested over 900 marching kids and directed the fire station to blast them with fire hoses and let police dogs loose on them.

letter from birmingham jail

An open letter written by Martin Luther King Jr. while he was imprisoned for his participation in nonviolent demonstrations against segregation, in which he defends the strategy of nonviolent resistance to racism.

medgar evers

African-American civil rights activist & NAACP leader in Mississippi; murdered in his driveway by KKK after JFK's 1963 speech supporting civil rights; death motivated government involvement in civil rights.

march on washington 1963

Peaceful demonstration led by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr, and attended by 200,000 black and white supporters, in August 1963 at the Lincoln Memorial; King gave his legendary "I Have a Dream" speech, calling for civil rights legislation and an end to racial discrimination.

“I have a dream” speech

A speech given by Martin Luther King, Jr. at the demonstration of freedom in 1963 at the Lincoln Memorial. It was an event related to the civil rights movement of the 1960's to unify citizens in accepting diversity and eliminating discrimination against African-Americans.

24th amendment

Poll taxes prohibited. The right to vote cannot be denied based on the paying or non-paying of a poll tax.

civil rights act 1964

sought to undo the damage of Jim Crow policies, outlawing segregation in public spaces and employment discrimination on the basis of race, color, sex, religion, or national origin

freedom summer

highly publicized campaign to register blacks to vote in the Deep South during the summer of 1964. Civil rights activists, including white northern college students, fought to end the discrimination against blacks as it applied to the right to vote and the 15th amendment.

march from selma to montgomery alabama

King organized this major demonstration in Alabama to press for the right of blacks to register to vote. Selma sheriff led local police in a televised brutal attack on demonstrators. Two northern white marchers were murdered, and the outrage that came after helped LBJ pass the Civil Rights Act of 1965.

voting rights act 1965

removed barriers to black enfranchisement in the South, banning poll taxes, literacy tests, and other measures that effectively prevented African Americans from voting

black muslims

A religious group, popularly known as the Black Muslims, founded by Elijah Muhammad to promote black separatism and the Islamic religion.

malcom X

a Black Muslim minister in the Nation of Islam and an influential black leader who moved away from King's non-violent methods of civil disobedience. OAAU formed and promoted socialism

stokely carmichael

a black civil rights activist in the 1960's. Leader of the Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee. Carmichael urged giving up peaceful demonstrations and pursuing black power. He was known for saying,"black power will smash everything Western civilization has

black panthers/bobby seale & huey p newton

a political organization founded in 1966 by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale. They aimed to challenge police brutality against African Americans and advocated for self-defense and the socio-political equality of black people.

black power movement

emphasized racial pride and the creation of black political and cultural institutions to nurture and promote black collective interests, advance black values, and secure black autonomy.

angela davis

an American political activist, professor, and author who was an active member in the Communist Party and the Black Panther Party. She is most famous for her involvement with the Soledad brothers, who were accused of killing a prison guard. She currently campaigns for prisoner rights and the proper treatment of incarcerated convicts.

lyndon b johnson’s “great society”

President Lyndon B. Johnson's domestic programs, which included civil rights legislation, antipoverty programs, government subsidy of medical care, federal aid to education, consumer protections, and aid to the arts and humanities.

war on poverty

The name for legislation first introduced by United States President Lyndon B. Johnson during his State of the Union address on January 8, 1964. This legislation was proposed by Johnson in response to the difficult economic conditions associated with a national poverty rate of around nineteen percent.

barry goldwater

a businessman and five-term United States Senator from Arizona (1953-65, 1969-87) and the Republican Party's nominee for president in the 1964 election.