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What makes up matter?
According to the kinetic theory of matter, matter is made of atoms and molecules. These atoms and molecules act like tiny particles that are always in motion.
What does the kinetic theory do?
Helps to explain the differences between the three common states of matter: solid, liquid, and gas.
What is the difference between a solid, a liquid, and a gas?
You can classify matter as a solid, a liquid, or a gas by determining whether the shape and volume are definite or variable.
Solids
Have a definite shape and volume.
Liquids
Change shape, not volume.
Gases
Change both shape and volume.
Fluid
A nonsolid state of matter in which the atoms or molecules are free to move past each other, as in a gas or liquid
What is plasma?
Is the most common state of matter.
Plasma
A state of matter that consists of free-moving ions and electrons
What kind of energy do all particles of matter have?
Because they are in motion, all particles of matter have kinetic energy.
Energy
The capacity to do work
Temperature
A measure of how hot (or cold) something is; specifically, a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in an object
Thermal energy
The total kinetic energy of a substance’s atoms
What is temperature?
A measure of average kinetic energy.
What does thermal energy depend on?
Depends on particle speed and number of particles.
What happens when a substance changes from one state of matter to another?
The identity of a substance does not change during a change of state, but the energy of a substance does change.
Evaporation
The change of state from a liquid to a gas
Sublimation
The process in which a solid changes directly into a gas
What do changes of state require?
Energy are melting, evaporation, and sublimation.
Condensation
The change of state from a gas to a liquid
What are changes of state that release energy?
Changes of state that release energy are freezing and condensation.
What happens to mass and energy during physical and chemical changes?
Mass and energy are both conserved. Neither mass nor energy can be created or destroyed.
Conservation of mass and energy
Energy may be changed to another form during a physical or chemical change, but the total amount of energy present before and after the change is the same.
Fluid
a nonsolid state of matter in which the atoms or molecules are free to move past each other, as in a gas or liquid.
Pressure
the amount of force exerted per unit area of a surface
How do fluids exert pressure?
Fluids exert pressure evenly in all directions.
example: when you pump up a bicycle tire, air particles constantly push against each other and against the tire wall
How can pressure be calculated?
By dividing force by the area over which the force is exerted:
What is the SI unit for pressure?
Pascal
Pressure and Bubbles
The shape of the bubble partly depends on an important property of fluids. Fluids exert pressure evenly in all directions. The air you blow into the bubble exerts pressure evenly in all directions. So, the bubble expands in all directions to create a sphere.
What force makes a rubber duck
float in a bathtub?
All fluids exert an upward buoyant force on matter.
Buoyant Force
the upward force that keeps an object immersed in or floating on a fluid
What is Archimedes principle used to find?
Buoyant force
Using Archimedes principle was does the buoyant force on an object in a fluid react?
The buoyant force on an object in a fluid is an upward force equal to the weight of the fluid that the object displaces.
How do you know if an object will float or sink?
An object will float or sink based on its density.
What happens if an object is less dense than the fluid?
If an object is less dense than the fluid in which it is placed, it will float.
What happens if an object is more dense than the fluid?
If an object is more dense than the fluid in which it is placed, it will sink.
What happens when pressure in a fluid changes?
Pascal’s principle states that a change in pressure at any point in an enclosed fluid will be transmitted equally to all parts of the fluid. In other words, if the pressure in a container is increased at any point, the pressure increases at all points by the same amount.
What is the formula for Pascals Principle?
Because P = F/A, Pascal’s principle can also be expressed as F1/A1 = F2/A2.
What devices are based on Pascals principle?
Hydraulic devices
How do Hydraulic devices work?
Because the pressure is the same on both sides of the enclosed fluid, a small force on the smaller area (left) produces a much larger force on the larger area (right).
What affects the speed of a fluid in motion?
Fluids move faster through small areas than through larger areas, if the overall flow rate remains constant. Fluids also vary in the rate at which they flow.
What does viscosity depend on?
Depends on particle attraction.
How does liquid move when viscosity is great?
The greater the viscosity the slower the flow.
What are characteristics of gas?
Expands to fill the volume,
Can also compress,
Shape depends on the container
Volume depends on the container
Particles spread out evenly to fill whatever space they have
What are some properties of gases?
Gases expand to fill their containers. They spread out easily and mix with one another. They have low densities and are compressible. Unlike solids and liquids, gases are mostly empty space. Also, gases exert pressure on their containers.
Boyle’s Law
Hold Temperature constant
Volume moves opposite of pressure
Pressure x Volume = constant
Gay - Lussac’s Law
Relates gas pressure to temperature. The pressure of a gas increases as the temperature increases, if the volume of the gas does not change. The pressure decreases as the temperature decreases.
Gay - Lussac’s Law Pressure and Temperature
For constant volume
Pressure and Temperature change together
As a gas particles get warmer, they move faster
Moving faster they hit harder and increase the pressure
Charles’ Law
Relates temperature to volume. For a fixed amount of gas at a constant pressure, the volume of the gas increases as the gas’s temperature increases. Likewise, the volume of the gas decreases as the gas’s temperature decreases.
Charles’ Law Temperature and Volume
Hold Pressure constant
As temperature increases, the volume also increases
According to the kinetic theory of matter, which of the following are true about matter?
The atoms and molecules of a substance are always in motion.
The higher the temperature of a substance, the faster its particles move.
More massive particles move more slowly than less massive particles.
The measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in an object is called
temperature
A substance changes from a liquid to a gas during evaporation because
energy is absorbed
Which properties are shared by solids, liquids, and gasses?
Their particles are in constant motion
Unlike a gas, a plasma
conducts electric current
What happens to the particles of a substance when it condenses?
particles slow down and clump together
According to the law of conservation of mass,
total mass stays the same in changes of state
When ice melts to form liquid, energy is
absorbed
The temperature at which a substance changes from a liquid to a solid is the
freezing point
The process of a solid changing directly into a gas is called
sublimation
All matter is made of atoms and molecules that are
always in motion
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