STUDY GUIDE: EXAM 3 NORMAL

pidgin

A language that develops as a means of communication between speakers of different native languages, usually simplified with limited vocabulary.

Creole

A stable natural language that has developed from a pidgin, including full grammatical structures.

accent

A variation in pronunciation associated with a particular group or region.

dialect

A particular form of a language that is peculiar to a specific region or social group.

decreolization

The process through which a Creole language becomes more like the dominant language of a culture.

Active Voice

the subject of the sentence performs the action EX: Dog bit the Girl

Passive Voice

A grammatical structure where the subject is acted upon by the verb; emphasizes the action rather than the subject.

Reversible

A type of sentence structure in which the subject and object can be interchanged without changing the meaning.

Nonreversible

A sentence structure where the subject and object cannot be switched without altering the meaning.

Horizontal Vocabulary Expansion

The process of expanding the meanings of existing words to include more specific features.

Vertical Vocabulary Expansion

The process of deepening understanding of word meanings and relationships.

Black English (AAE) characteristics

an amalgam of different languages: African, Dutch, Portugues, French, and English. AKA- AAE- African American English. Creolization of West Coast African languages rican languages and other dialects.

Double/ triple negatives, deleted copula -s 

Hispanic English characteristics

Originally from a single language, spoken significantly in 21 states- largest groups Mexican – Central American & Puerto Rican Caribbean, only five vowels & 4 diphthongs 

Omit “the”, b for v substitutions, ch for sh substitutions 

Asian English characteristics

Tonal languages, no Asian English as a cohesive unit. 

Omit auxiliary verbs, omit plural s, omit -ed  

Features /r/, /l/ omit auxiliary verbs Ex: (she not want eat, omits “does”)  

Language Difference

Variations in language use that arise from cultural, ethnic, or regional backgrounds.

Language Disorder

Impairments in expressive or receptive language abilities that affect communication.

Metalinguistic Awareness

The ability to think about and analyze language as a system.

Syntactic Paradigmatic Shift

A change in how language is structured, moving focus from form to meaning.

Chunking

The process of organizing information into manageable categories based on semantic relationships.

Conjunction Development

The process of learning how to use conjunctions to combine clauses and expand speech.

Embedding

The syntactic process of including phrases within sentences to create complexity.

Narrative Development

The progression of storytelling abilities, including skills in recounting events and creating structured stories.

Gender Differences in Communication

Variances in how men and women communicate, often influenced by societal norms and expectations.

Simultaneous Language Acquisition

The process of learning two languages at the same time, typically before the age of three.

Successive Language Acquisition

The process of learning a second language after having established a primary language.

Standard Dialect

A dialect that is considered the norm or educated form of a language, often associated with social power.

Nonstandard Dialect

A dialect that may lack the prestige of the standard variety but is a valid form of communication.

Hart and Risley Study

A longitudinal study revealing significant differences in vocabulary exposure among children from different socioeconomic backgrounds.

Deixis

Words or phrases that require contextual information to understand their meaning (e.g., this, that, here, there).

Anaphoric Reference

A linguistic expression that refers back to another expression earlier in the discourse.

Brown's 14 Grammatical Morphemes

A set of grammatical markers that indicate the development of language skills and understanding in children.