APUSH TERMS 1226-1260

Sandra Day O'Connor

Arizona state senator from 1969 to 1974, appointed to the Arizona Court of Appeals in 1979. Reagan appointed her to the U.S. Supreme Court, making her the first female Justice of the Supreme Court.

Lech Walesa, Solidarity

President of Poland in 1990, he won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1983. He formed the first independent trade union in Poland, called Solidarity, and eventually brought down the Communist government and instituted democratic government. Credited with initiating the end of Communist domination in Eastern Europe.

Three Mile Island

A mechanical failure and a human error at this power plant in Pennsylvania combined to permit an escape of radiation over a 16 mile radius.

"Moral Majority"

"Born-Again" Christians become politically active. The majority of Americans are moral people, and therefore are a political force.

Iran-Iraq War

Fought over religious differences, this war lasted many years, from 1980 to 1988.

El Salvador

Three U.S. nuns found shot in El Salvador in December, 1980. President Carter had stopped aid to El Salvador's right-wing dictator, but President Reagan started it again.

Falkland Islands War

Between Britain and Argentina centered on their claims to control over these islands.

Gideon v. Wainwright

Court decided that state and local courts must provide counsel for defendants in felony cases at the state's expense in any serious felony prosecution. Before, counsel was only appointed if the death penalty was involved.

Escobedo v. Illinois

Court ruled that there was a right to counsel at the police station. This was needed to deter forced confessions given without the benefit of counsel.

Miranda v. Arizona

Court declared that police officers must inform persons they arrest of their rights: the right to remain silent and the right to counsel during interrogation.

Engel v. Vitale

Local and state laws requiring prayer in public schools were banned on the grounds that such laws violated the First Amendment.

School District of Abington Township v. Schemp

Held that it should not be necessary to require prayer to be said in school. School district was said to be violating the First and Fourteenth Amendments.

Heart of Atlanta Motel v. U.S

Supreme Court said that there would be penalties for those who deprived others of equal enjoyment of places of accommodation on the basis of race, color, religion, or national origin.

Swan v. Carlotte-Mecklenberg Board of Education

Unanimous decision that the busing of students may be ordered to achieve racial desegregation.

Bakke v. Board of Regents, University of California at Davis

Barred colleges from admitting students solely on the basis of race, but allowed them to include race along with other considerations when deciding which students to admit.

Reed v. Reed

Equal protection: the Supreme Court engaged in independent judicial review of a statute which discriminated between persons on the basis of sex, making it clear that the Supreme Court would no longer treat sex-based classifications with judicial deference.

Transcendental Meditation

Suggested that daily meditation and the silent repetition of a spiritual mantras would lead to peak intelligence, harmony and health. If all of the world practiced transcendental meditation, world peace would be achieved.

New Age Movement

The search for fulfillment through nontraditional religious avenues and thought. Man is his own creator, man can heal himself and achieve enlightenment.

Star Wars

Science fiction movie that revolutionized the movie industry and employed computer technology that had not been used before.

Olympic Boycott 1980

The U.S. withdrew from the competition held in Moscow to pretest the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. About 64 other nations withdrew for this and other reasons.

Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs

During the 1960s and 1970s IBM (International Business Machines) was the largest computer company and their seven rivals (UNIVAC, Burroughs, NCR, Control Data Corporation, General Electric, RCA, and Honeywell) were called Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs. IBM was much bigger than any of their rival computer companies (in 1906 IBM produced 70% of all computers).

Election of 1980: candidates, issues

Ronald Wilson Reagan, Republican defeated Jimmy Carter, Democrat and John B. Anderson, Independent. The issues were government spending, traditional values and foreign policy; Carter linked foreign policy to human rights and Reagan was a Cold War warrior.

Reaganomics; Supply side economics

Reagan’s theory that if you cut taxes, it will spur the growth of public spending and improve the economy. It included tax breaks for the rich, “supply-side economics,” and “trickle down” theory. Argued that tax cuts can be used to stimulate economic growth. Move money into the hands of the people and they will invest, thus creating prosperity.

Reagan Revolution

Terms that explained the reinvigoration of American morale after the malaise of the 1970s. Reagan’s administration focused on reducing the size of government, massive tax cuts, using supply-side economics, reducing regulations on businesses and reducing inflation that was rampant in the 1970s

YUPPIE

Young Urban Professional – a play on the word Hippie. The baby-boomer generation that left the activists sixties then and began earning money, caring only for the value of the dollar.

Bill Gates

Harvard dropout who co-founded Microsoft to design personal computer software. In 1980 IBM hired Microsoft to design an operating system for its new personal computer. The refined software became MS-DOS (Microsoft Disk Operating System).

Televangelists

Evangelical preachers who used TV to reach a wider audience.

Pat Robertson

Televangelist that headed the 700 Club and ran for Republican Party nomination in 1988.

Jerry Falwell

Televangelist that had the TV show The Old-Time Gospel Hour. Later he confessed to having a affair on TC and was charged for criminal activities.

VHS v. BETA Wars

Competing technologies of recording TV that came out in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Consumers were caught in the middle as Sony and JVC tried to gain total market dominance. Many consumers that bought BETA video recorders lost hundreds of dollars when BETA became obsolete.

1980 US Hockey Team vs. Soviet Union

“The Miracle on Ice”; the UCA hockey team beat the #1 Russian team in the world in the semifinals of the Winter Olympics. The Russians had not lost the gold medal in hockey in 20 years and the UC team had no medaled in 20 years.

MTV (Music Television Channel)

Cable TV station that played music videos hosted by VJs (video jockeys); debuted in 1981 and soon revolutionized the music industry as each music hit needed to be accompanied by a video.

Space Shuttle

Reusable spacecraft with wings that could rocket into space and glide back to earth. The first space shuttle, Columbiana, launched on April 12, 1981.