Antibiotics (Slides)

Antibiotic

A type of medication used to treat bacterial infections by killing or inhibiting the growth of bacteria.

Aerobic Bacteria

need oxygen to survive

Anaerobic

Do not use oxygen

Pneumonia

A lung infection caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi that leads to inflammation and fluid accumulation in the air sacs.

Pneumonia Risk Factors

include smoking, age, weakened immune system, and chronic diseases. Other risk factors include respiratory infections and living in a crowded environment.

Community Acquired Pneumonia (CAP)

being sick in the community or within 48 hours of being admitted to the hospital

Hospital Acquire Pneumonia (HAP)

pneumonia acquired during hospital stays, often due to prolonged exposure to pathogens in healthcare settings.

Penicillins

inhibits bacterial wall synthesis

stops the enzyme needed for cell division

BETA LACTAM

Bacterialcidal

Gram Positive and Negative

Drugs end in -cillin

Beta Lactamase Inhibitors

Taking a broad spectrum antibiotic and adding a beta lactamase inhibitor makes the antibiotic more effective against the beta lactamase producing bacteria

Penicillins “facts”

safe to use during pregnancy

drug-drug interactions: tetracyclines, aminoglycosides

Adverse effects: GI tract, superinfections, pain and inflammation, hypersensitivity

Contraindications: allergy to PCN or cephalosporins and renal impairment.

Aminoglycosides

Very Strong used for serious infections, bactericidal: inhibit protein synthesis

Adverse effects: nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity, CNS, Cardiotoxicity

Drugs end in -mycin

Cephalosporins

A class of antibiotics similar to penicillins, effective against a variety of bacterial infections, and categorized into generations based on their spectrum of activity and resistance to beta-lactamase.

Used for treatment of skin, urinary, or respiratory infections
Drugs have CEF in name

Risk of phlebitis at IV site

Nephrotoxicity and Superinfections

Carbapenems

Broad Spectrum

Bactericidal

Reserved for pts with highly resistant bacteria infections and serious conditions.

Contraindications: allergies, seizure, meningitis, lactation

Fluoroquinolones

Broad Spectrum

Interfere with DNA synthesis

Used to treat urinary and respiratory infections

Drugs end in -floxacin

treat anthrax and typhoid fever

Black box warning for Achilles Tendon rupture and tendonitis.

Contraindications for pregnancy, lactation, and children under 18 years old

Macrolides

Gram Positive effectivness

increasing resistance due to overuse

Alternative to PCN

Sulfonamides

Inhibit folic acid synthesis

Gram positive and negative

no longer used much

UTI, Skin infection, MRSA, STI

TERATONGENIC**

Contrindications: allergy to sulfa drugs, renal impairment

Monitor BUN, Creatinine, and glucose

Tetracyclines

Broad spectrum

Gram Positive and Negative

Infections in the skin, acne, upper respiratory, STI, lyme, MRSA

Drugs end in -cycline

Contraindicated for pregnancy, lactation, and children under 8

Clindamycin

Drug Class: Lincosamides

Gram Positive

Broad Spectrum

Used when no other drug will do

Increase risk of C.Diff

Vancomycin

Cause cell death by disrupting the bacterial membrane

Gram positive

IV

Oral for C.Diff

Contraindications for pregnancy or lactation

Nephrotoxicity and Ototoxicity

Monitor drug levels

Metronidazole (FLAGYL)

Antibiotic used to treat anaerobic bacterial infections and certain parasitic infections. It works by disrupting DNA synthesis in bacteria and protozoa.

Caution for Liver impairment Contraindicated in pregnancy and breastfeeding.

DO NOT TAKE ALCOHOL- causes disulfiram (violent vomiting for 48 hours)

Warfarin interaction and may enhance anticoagulant effects.