DNA and RNA

Structure of DNA

• Dinner is located inside the nucleus of a cell

• Do you know you can fit into a nucleus as it can coil and fold

• DNA has two strands

Note: DNA is also found in the mitochondria and chloroplast of cells

What does DNA stand for

Deoxyribonucleic acid

What is meant by the term complementary base pairs?

These are bases that Match with each other

What shape does DNA have?

DNA has a double helix membrane

What is a gene?

A gene is a section of DNA that has the code for the production of protein

How many, common amino acids are used in the production of protein?

20

How many amino acids are needed to form a protein?

Over 200 amino acids joined together

What is the genetic code?

It is a sequence of three bases(codon or Triplet) That represents a code for an amino Acid

What is a non-coding DNA?

• They do not have a code for the formation of a protein

• Non-coding DNA is also known as junk DNA

What is the structure of a nucleotide?

• DNA is made up of units called nucleotides

What part of a nucleotide can vary?

The nitrogen bases

What is a polynucleotide?

its many nucleotides joined together

What holds bases together?

• Bases are held together by a hydrogen bond

What are purines and pyrimidines

• There are four nitrogen bases, Two are known as purines and two as pyrimidines

•two purine bases are (double ringed molecules) : adenine(a) and guanine (G)

Two pyrimidine bases are (single ringed molecules) : thymine (t) And cytosine (c)

Name for RNA

Ribonucleic acid

Structure of RNA

• RNA Contains the base Uracil(u) instead of thymine(t)

• RNA is a single stranded molecule

• RNA also consist of four bases

Protein Synthesis What involved?

• Transcription-Making of mRNA From DNA(Occurs in nucleus)

• Translation-Making of protein depending on the MRNA Code (Occurs in the ribosome)

Three types of RNA involved in production of protein

Messenger RNA(MRNA)

• Transfer RNA(tRNA)

•ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

Remember: All produced in the nucleus

For the protein to become fully functional at the end of protein synthesis what must happen?

• It must have a folded shape

During protein synthesis do all proteins have the same shape

• Some proteins have a folded shape (globular proteins eg enzymes )

• Some protein have Very few folding (fibrous proteins eg keratin)

Nucleic acid (DNA and RNA) are involved in certain processes in the cell. Name these processes

• Transcription

• Translation

• DNA replication

What enzymes is used to make new strands of DNA?

DNA polymerase

What happens if the genetic code is not correct

• The cell will not be able to make the correct protein That may result in a genetic disorder

DNA replication

• when Mitosis occurs one cell divides into two identical daughter cells

• DNA replication occur so there is an exact copy of the DNA for mitosis to occur

• Takes place during the interphase of a cell

DNA profiling

• It is a method of making a unique Pattern of bands from the DNA of a person

Who has identical DNA profiles?

• Identical twins, the Diploid zygote cell divides by mitosis and then completely splits

Genetic engineering

• Artificial alteration of genes

Example of The use of genetic engineering

•Bacteria (engineered to express genes to) produce human insulin (interferon)