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Exam 2 Developmental Psychology
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25 Terms
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1
Chromosomes
Structures in the cell that contain DNA and are responsible for genetic information.
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2
Autosomes
22 pairs of chromosomes responsible for most traits and genetic functions.
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3
Sex chromosomes
1 pair of chromosomes (X and Y) that determine biological sex.
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4
Down syndrome
A chromosomal variation caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21 (trisomy 21).
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5
Turner syndrome
A condition in females characterized by the presence of only one X chromosome (45,X).
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6
Klinefelter syndrome
A condition in males caused by an extra X chromosome (47,XXY).
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7
Fragile X syndrome
A genetic condition caused by a mutation in the X chromosome, often leading to intellectual disabilities.
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8
Genotype
The genetic makeup of an individual, consisting of all the alleles inherited from both parents.
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9
Phenotype
The observable traits or characteristics of an individual, influenced by genotype and environment.
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10
Additive genes
Genes that contribute to phenotype in a cumulative way.
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11
Dominant-recessive heredity
A pattern of inheritance where one allele is dominant and the other is recessive.
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12
Epigenetics
Changes in gene expression that do not involve alterations in the DNA sequence itself.
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13
Germinal Period
The first two weeks of prenatal development, starting with fertilization and ending with implantation.
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14
Embryonic Period
Weeks 3-8 of prenatal development, involving major organ system development.
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15
Fetal Period
Weeks 9-38 of prenatal development, focused on growth and maturation of organs.
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16
Cephalocaudal principle
The tendency for development to proceed from head to tail.
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17
Proximodistal principle
The development that starts at the center of the body and moves outward towards limbs.
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18
Age of viability
The point in fetal development (around 24 weeks) when the fetus can survive outside the womb.
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19
Teratogens
Harmful substances that can cause birth defects if a mother is exposed during pregnancy.
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20
Apgar scale
A quick assessment tool used to evaluate the newborn's health immediately after birth.
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21
Low birthweight
Defined as a baby weighing less than 5.5 pounds (2500 grams) at birth.
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22
Small for gestational age
A baby whose birth weight is significantly below the average for their gestational age.
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23
Kangaroo care
Holding a newborn skin-to-skin to promote bonding and improve health outcomes.
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24
Breastfeeding benefits
Provides ideal nutrition, promotes bonding, and reduces risk of infections and illnesses.
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25
Breastfeeding challenges
Difficulties that may include latch issues, milk supply, or social barriers.
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