Quiz 3 Opman: Theories modules 5 and 6

Process Selection

Deciding how production will be organized.

Capital Intensity

Mix of equipment and labor that will be used by the organization.

Process Flexibility

Degree to which the system can be adjusted to changes in processing requirements due to such factors as changes in product or service design, changes in volume processed, and changes in technology.

Job Shop

Small scale, intermittent process for high-variety goods.

Batch Process

Moderate volume with moderate variety in products.

Repetitive Process

Higher volumes of standardized goods or services.

Continuous Process

Very high volume of nondiscrete, standardized output.

Project Process

Nonroutine work with unique objectives and time limits.

Sustainable Production of Goods and Services

Creating goods/services that conserve resources.

• non-polluting;

• conserving of energy and natural resources;

• economically efficient;

• safe and healthful for workers, communities, and consumers;

• and socially and creatively rewarding for all working people.

The creation of goods and services using processes and systems that are:

• wastes and ecologically incompatible byproducts are reduced, eliminated or recycled on-site;

• chemical substances or physical agents and conditions that present hazards to human health or the environment are eliminated;

• energy and materials are conserved, and the forms of energy and materials used are most appropriate for the desired ends;

• work spaces are designed to minimize or eliminate chemical, ergonomic and physical hazards.

Lowell Center Advocacy:

Technology

Refers to applications of scientific knowledge to the development and improvement of goods and services and/ or the processes that produce or provide them.

Technological innovation

Discovery and development of new or improved products, services, or processes for producing or providing them

High technology

most advanced and developed equipment and/or methods

Process technology

Methods, procedures, and equipment used to produce goods and provide services that extends supply chain processes.

Information technology (IT)

Science and use of computers and other electronic equipment to store, process, and send information.

Automation

Machinery that has sensing and control devices that enable it to operate automatically.

Fixed Automation

Least flexible as it uses high-cost, specialized equipment for a fixed sequence of operations.

Programmable Automation

Use of high-cost, general-purpose equipment controlled by a computer program that provides both the sequence of operations and specific details about each operation.

Computer-aided manufacturing (CAM)

the use of computers in process control, ranging from robots to automated quality control.

Numerically controlled (N/C) Machines

follow a set of processing instructions based on mathematical relationships that tell the machine the details of the operations to be performed.

computerized numerical control (CNC)

Individual machines that often have their own computer.

direct numerical control (DNC)

computer that may control a number of N/C machines.

Flexible Automation

Evolved from programmable automation and it uses equipment that is more customized than that of programmable automation

Flexible Manufacturing System (FMS)

A group of machines that include supervisory computer control, automatic material handling, and robots or other automated processing equipment.

Designed to handle intermittent processing requirements and produce a variety of similar products.

Computer-integrated manufacturing (CIM)

it uses this technology to link a broad range of manufacturing activities

The Internet of Things (IoT)

Extension of internet connectivity into devices such as cell phones, vehicles, audio and video devices.

3D Printing

A process that creates a three-dimensional object by adding successive layers of material.

Extrusion

deformation of either metal or plastic forced under pressure through a die to create a shape.

Sintering

using heat or pressure or both to form a solid material from powder without causing it to liquefy.

Drones

Unmanned aircraft, usually small, and remotely controlled or programmed to fly to a specific location.

Layout

Refers to the configuration of departments, work centers, and equipment, with particular emphasis on movement of work (customers or materials) through the system.

Product layouts

are most conducive to repetitive processing and used to achieve a smooth and rapid flow of large volumes of goods or customers through a system.

Product layout

This type of layout is less plentiful in-service environments because processing requirements usually exhibit too much variability to make standardization feasible.

• Machine-paced

• Worker-paced

• Customer-paced

Repetitive Processing is classified to

Repetitive Processing

Production method for high-volume standardized goods.

Continuous Processing

Uninterrupted production flow for consistent output.

U-Shaped Layouts

it often requires approximately half the length of a straight production line.

It also permits increased communication among workers on the line because workers are clustered, thus facilitating teamwork and it minimizes material handling.

Process layouts (functional layouts)

are designed to process items or provide services that involve a variety of processing requirements.

Fixed-Position Layouts

The item being worked on remains stationary, and workers, materials, and equipment are moved about as needed.

It used in large construction projects (buildings, power plants, dams), shipbuilding, and production of large aircraft and space mission rockets/

Cellular layouts/production

is a type of layout in which workstations are grouped into what is referred to as a cell.

Single-minute exchange of die (SMED)

enables an organization to quickly convert a machine or process to produce a different (but similar) product type

Right-sized equipment

often smaller than equipment used in traditional process layouts, and is mobile, so it can quickly be reconfigured into a different cellular layout in a different location.

Group Technology

Identifying items with similarities in either characteristics or manufacturing characteristics, and grouping them into part families

• Fixed Position

• Process

• Product

Service Layouts Can often be categorized as:

Office Layouts

Creating an image of openness; these walls are giving way to low-rise partitions, which also facilitate communication among workers.

Restaurant Layouts

Ranges from food trucks to posh

establishments.

Hospital Layouts

these layouts have patient care and safety, with easy access to critical resources such as X-ray, CAT scan, and MRI equipment.

Automation in Services

it improves productivity and reduce costs in services is to remove the customer from the processes as much as possible.

Assembly Line

arranging of workers or machines in the sequence that operations need to be performed.

Line Balancing

The process of assigning tasks to workstations in such a way that the workstations have approximately equal time requirements.

Cycle time

The maximum time allowed at each workstation to complete its set of tasks on a unit.

Decision

The act of deciding or choosing an action among all alternatives taken into account

• Some managers fail to appreciate the importance of each step in the decision process.

• Managers may skip a step and not devote enough effort to complete it before jumping into the next step.

• Some managers have the impression that they can do no wrong or manager’s unwillingness to admit a mistake.

• Inability to make decisions

• Bounded Rationality

• Sub-optimization

Causes of Poor Decisions:

Certainty

Environment in which relevant parameters have known values.

Risk

Environment in which certain future events have probabilistic outcomes.

Uncertainty

Environment in which it is impossible to assess the likelihood of various possible future events.

Decision Making Under Risk

Decisions made under the condition that the probability of occurrence for each state of nature can be estimated.

Decision Making Under Certainty

The decision is relatively straightforward when it is known for certain which of the possible future conditions will actually happen.

Decision Making Under Uncertainty

Decisions are sometimes made under complete uncertainty: No information is available on how likely the various states of nature are.

expected monetary value (EMV)

Determine the expected payoff of each alternative and choose the alternative that has the best expected payoff.

typically, well-established organizations with numerous decisions of this nature tend to use this

Decision Tree

A schematic representation of the available alternatives and their possible consequences.

• Decisions

• Chance Events

Under Nodes, it has:

• Alternatives

• Chance events

Under Branches, it has:

Decisions

Represented by square nodes

Chance Events (Nodes)

Represented by circular nodes

Alternatives

Branches leaving a square node

Chance Events (Branches)

Branches leaving a circular node