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production of red blood cells
erythropoiesis
red blood cell differentiation occurs in the _____________
bone marrow
what regulates erythropoiesis
erythropoietin
how many days does it take for red blood cells to mature
seven
erythropoiesis:
___________________ --> Proerythroblast
pluripotential hematopoietic stem cell
erythropoiesis:
pluripotential hematopoietic stem cell --> _________________ --> erythroblast
proerythroblast
erythropoiesis:
proerythroblast --> ________________ --> normoblast
erythroblast
erythropoiesis:
erythroblast --> _______________ --> reticulocyte
normoblast
erythropoiesis:
normoblast --> _________________ --> Red blood cell
reticulocyte
erythropoiesis:
reticulocyte --> ________________
red blood cell
pluripotential stem cell is found where
bone marrow
immature red blood cell
reticulocyte
on day 5 the nucleus leaves (true or false)
true
a high reticulocyte count means a consequence of blood gain (true or false)
false (blood loss)
how many red blood cells are produced per second?
2 million
erythropoiesis regulation includes what
hypoxia and erythropoietin
erythropoiesis regulation:
decrease of O2 in the blood is what
hypoxia
erythropoiesis regulation:
decrease in oxygen in the blood stimulates what
kidney
erythropoiesis regulation:
when the kidney is stimulated, what does it release?
erythropoietin
erythropoiesis regulation:
the release of erythropoietin stimulates what
bone marrow
erythropoiesis regulation:
the stimulation of bone marrow is the major site of what production
red blood cell
increase in red blood cells ____________ oxygen levels
increases
oxygen will be carried by what
hemoglobin
amino acids, iron, copper, vitamin B2, vitamin B12, and folic acid are substances required for _________ formation
red blood cell
2/3 of the body ______ is in the red blood cells and it carries O2
iron
An iron-containing protein in red blood cells that reversibly binds oxygen.
transporting protein (O2, CO2, binds CO)
hemoglobin
affinity for hemoglobin is 300x more for carbon monoxide than for oxygen because the smallest amount of carbon monoixide will bind to it (true or false)
true
protein composed of four highly folded polypeptide chains that is part of hemoglobin
globin portion
how many heme groups are in hemoglobin
four
higher animal life is possible without hemoglobin (true or false)
false (we are cooked)
heme is made of what
porphyrin ring and iron
hemoglobin consists of ________ globular protein subunits. each subunit contains a single molecule of heme which includes a ___________ ring that surrounds a single ion of ________
four, porphyrin, iron
red blood cell turnover:
amino acids and iron ions cannot be thrown away so they are reuptaken to make new red blood cells (true or false)
true
red blood cell turnover:
in bone marrow, what comes together to make red blood cells?
amino acids and iron ions
red blood cell turnover:
_____% of red blood cells go through hemolysis
10
red blood cell turnover:
after 120 days, red blood cells enter what
macrophage
Large white blood cell that removes bacteria, foreign particles, and dead cells
found in spleen, liver, and bone marrow
macrophage
red blood cell turnover:
the porphyrins of the heme units are converted to ___________ and then to ___________ in macrophage
biliverdin, bilirubin
the unconjucateqd bilirubin turned into conjugated bilirubin where
liver
red blood cell turnover:
conjugated bilirubin is absorbed by what
kidney and large intestine
if urine is transparent there is red blood cells (true or false)
false (no RBC)
if there is blood in urine, there is cancer in ___________
kidney
red blood cell turnover:
conjugated bilirubin is excreted in feces in where
large intestine
what is indicated by a hemoglobin level below normal range?
anemia
typically in a male hemoglobin, concentration is about ____________ and ____________ in a female
14-18 g/dl, 12-16 g/dl
anemia may be caused by ______________ defects, different deficiencies, and chronic disease
bone marrow
red blood cell anemias:
lack of iron
iron-deficiency anemia
red blood cell anemias:
vitamin B12 deficiency
pernicious anemia
red blood cell anemias:
inability of bone marrow to produce red blood cells
aplastic anemia
red blood cell anemias:
when there is a loss of a lot of red blood cells in the kidney
renal anemia
red blood cell anemias:
due to excessive blood loss
hemorrhagic anemia
red blood cell anemias:
hemolysis of blood
hemolytic anemia
red blood cell anemias:
average span is 120 days but when red blood cells live less than 120 days is red blood cell reduced ____________ time
survival
red blood cell anemias also include when there is premature removal by ____________ and decreased ___________ production
macrophages, erythropoietin
increase in red blood cells _________ hemoglobin which __________ oxyhemoglobin
increases, increases
types of intrinsic hemolytic anemia
sickle cell anemia and thalassemia
type of intrinsic hemolytic anemia:
when erythrocytes contains abnormal hemoglobin
sickle cell anemia
HbS polymerizes to form long, insoluble filaments and there is distortion of the cell (true or false)
true
HBA refers to sickle cell anemia hemoglobin (true or false)
false (HbS is, HbA is normal)
what is the life span of red blood cells under sickle cell anemia
20 days
sickle cells can obstruct microcirculation and cause ___________
ischemia
lack of blood supply
ischemia
sickle cell crisis causes widespread ischemic organ damage (true or false)
true
type of intrinsic hemolytic anemia:
a group of genetic disorders that involve hemoglobin defects
thalassemia
thalassemia occurs typically due to defective production of _______-globin of hemoglobin and causes _____-globin to accumulate and cause membrane destruction
beta, alpha
types of extrinsic hemolytic anemia
immune, mechanical, and drug-mediated hemolysis
most frequent cause of hemolysis
due to IgG or complement on red cells:
tags the red cell for phagocytosis
spherocytes if incomplete phagocytosis
lysis of RBC occurs if complement cascade goes to completion
immune hemolysis
hemolysis where results from purely mechanical or traumatic stress
mechanical hemolysis
white blood cells
leukocytes
contains nucleolus, mitochondria and has amoeboid movement and phagocytosis
white blood cells
white blood cells are classified by their _________ characteristics
staining
A group of leukocytes containing granules in their cytoplasm; neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils.
granulocytes
what are the three types of granulocytes
neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
percent of granulocytes:
neutrophils
60-70%
percent of granulocytes:
eosinophils
1-4%
percent of granulocytes:
basophils
0.25-0.5%
how many neutrophils are found per cubic mm of blood
3000
how many eosinophils are found per cubic mm of blood
100
how many basophils are found per cubic mm of blood
20
A group of leukocytes without granules in their nuclei; lymphocytes, monocytes.
agranulocytes
what are the types of agranulocytes
lymphocytes and monocytes
percent of agranulocytes:
lymphocytes
25-33%
percent of agranulocytes:
monocytes
2-6%
how many lymphocytes are found per cubic mm of blood
1500
how many monocytes are found per cubic mm of blood
100
types of leukocytes:
phagocytes (bacteria and debris); lives 6 hours
neutrophils
how long do neutrophils live
6 hours
types of leukocytes:
detoxification, enzyme secretion, fights parasites; lives 8-12 days
eosinophils
how long do eosinophils live
8-12 days
types of leukocytes:
releases histamine and heparin; lives hours-days
basophils
how long do basophils live
hours-days
types of leukocytes:
immunological response; lives hours-years
lymphocytes
how long do lymphocytes live
hours-years
types of leukocytes:
phagocytosis (macrophages); lives for months
Kupffer Cells, Alveolar Macrophages, Microglia
monocytes
how long do monocytes live
months
overall process of producing all types of blood cells, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets
hematopoiesis
production of white blood cells
leukopoiesis
lymphoid stem cells and myeloid stem cells make up what type of stem cells
pluripotent
lymphocytes make up what type of stem cells
lymphoid
red blood cells, neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils, megakaryocytes (makes platelets) make up what type of stem cells
myeloid
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