Western Heritage Chapter 4 Key terms and people

Counter-Reformation

The sixteenth-century reform movement in the Roman Catholic Church in reaction to the Protestant Reformation.

Presbyter

Meaning “elder.” People who directed the affairs of early Christian congregations.

Baroque

A style of art marked by heavy and dramatic ornamentation and curved rather than straight lines that flourished between 1550 and 1750; especially associated with the Catholic Counter-Reformation.

Politiques

Rulers or people in positions of power who put the success and well-being of their states above all else.

Huguenots

French Calvinists

Catherine de Medicis

queen regent for son Charles IX. Tried to reconcile Protestants and Catholics, worked with both sides. Actions led to St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre.

Saint Bartholomew’s Day Massacre

(August 24, 1572) The slaughter of thousands of Huguenots carried out during three days of coordinated attacks across France.

Protestant Resistance Theory

1. Protestants faced suppression and defeat before they beg to have political resistance

2. in 1550, Lutherans in Magdeburg published an influential defense of the right of lower authorities to oppo the emperor's order that all Lutherans had to return to the Catholic.

Henry of Navarre

Political leader of the Huguenots and a member of the Bourbon dynasty, succeeded to the throne as Henry IV. He realized that as a Protestant he would never be accepted by Catholic France, so he converted to Catholicism.

Edict of Nantes

(April 13, 1598) A formal settlement announced by Henry IV to recognize minority religious rights in France

Philip II

King of Spain and a devout Catholic. Under his reign, Spain became a world power. Spain reached the peak of its influence as he directed explorations around the globe, prompting Spanish colonization.

Bullion

gold or silver. used to determine country’s welath.

William of Nassau the Prince of Orange

The leader of a movement for the independence of the Netherlands from Spain.

Spanish Fury

Spanish mercenaries, leaderless and unpaid, ran amok (riot) in Antwerp on Nov. 4, 1576, leaving 7,000 people dead in the streets. - reason for the forming of the Pacification of Ghent.

Pacification of Ghent

(November 8, 1576) The union against Spain of the ten largely Catholic southern provinces with the seven largely Protestant northern provinces of the Netherlands.

Union of Arras

joined the souther provinces- based itself on a Catholic reading of the pacification and tended toward reconciliation with Spain

Union of Urecht

joined the northern provinces for continued and improved resistance.

Mary I

queen of england

persecuted protestants

Elizabeth I

the 2nd daughter of Henry VIII and the last of his children to rile England reigning from 1558-1603. She encountered many difficulties like religious divisions and gaining the approval of several skeptical Catholics, but her practical policies make her known as one of the greatest leaders in history.

Thirty-Nine Articles

(1563) The official statement of the beliefs of the Church of England that established a moderate form of Protestantism.

Presbyterians

Scottish Calvinists and English Protestants who advocated a national church composed of semiautonomous congregations governed by “presbyteries.”

Congregationalists

Put a group or assembly above any one individual and preferred an ecclesiastical polity that allowed each congregation to be autonomous, or self-governing.

Mary Queen of Scots

Mary Stuart, Queen of Scotland, husband was French King Francis II, returned to Scotland to apply French court culture, despised by Elizabeth I of England because she believed Mary would turn Scotland back to Catholicism, she was executed by Elizabeth I. The Spanish Armada.

Armada

a naval flotilla sent against England by Philip II with the aim of returning England to the Catholic faith.

Edict of Restitution

(1629) An attempt by Ferdinand II, the Holy Roman Emperor, to reassert the Catholic safeguards of the Peace of Augsburg.

Gustavus Adolphus II

The Swedish king who led the Protestant forces to a decisive victory at Breitenfeld in 1630

Peace of Prague

a peace treaty signed by the Kingdom of Prussia and the Austrian Empire at Prague on 23 August 1866.

Treaty of Westphalia

(1648) Peace that ended all hostilities within the Holy Roman Empire, whose terms shaped the map of northern Europe and established the concept of sovereign states