chadbourne kidneys

What is the immunological mechanism of Acute Glomerulonephritis?

Triggers inflammation that damages the membranes of the glomerulus; can be autoimmune or post-streptococcal.

What can Acute Glomerulonephritis progress to?

ESRD (End-Stage Renal Disease).

What reaction damages the glomeruli in Acute Glomerulonephritis?

Antigen-antibody reaction.

What are key manifestations of Acute Glomerulonephritis?

Protein loss, eye edema, oliguria, hypervolemia (leading to hypertension), dark urine with RBCs.

How long after infection does Acute Glomerulonephritis typically present?

7-21 days post-infection.

What does hyperpermeability in Acute Glomerulonephritis lead to?

Protein loss and edema.

What are diagnostic indicators of Acute Glomerulonephritis?

Elevated serum creatinine (Cr) and BUN, low serum albumin, protein, WBCs, and blood in urinalysis, antibodies to streptococcal bacteria.

What are the treatments for Acute Glomerulonephritis?

Antibiotics, dietary modifications, diuretics to flush excess fluid.

What causes Nephrotic Syndrome?

Glomerular damage resulting in proteinuria and facial edema; may be caused by diabetes mellitus, amyloidosis, or lupus.

What are the hallmark symptoms of Nephrotic Syndrome?

Massive albuminuria (facial edema), hematuria, hypertension, oliguria.

Why does hyperlipidemia develop in Nephrotic Syndrome?

The liver increases lipid synthesis as it compensates for urinary albumin loss.

What are treatments for Nephrotic Syndrome?

Adequate fluid intake, dietary modifications, management of disease progression.

What are the types of kidney stones in Nephrolithiasis?

Calcium (hypercalcemia) and uric acid stones.

What are risk factors for Nephrolithiasis?

Genetic predisposition, dehydration, hypercalcemia, hyperparathyroidism, gout (uric acid stones), UTIs.

What are symptoms of Nephrolithiasis?

Severe abdominal flank pain, colicky pain spasms, hematuria, crystalluria.

What are diagnostic tools for Nephrolithiasis?

Stone analysis, detection of hydronephrosis (blockages).

What are treatments for Nephrolithiasis?

Pain relief, preventing recurrence, treating UTIs, straining urine for stone analysis, high fluid intake (3L/day), lithotripsy, surgery, dietary changes.

What is Pyelonephritis?

Infection of the renal pelvis caused by ascending UTIs or other factors such as obstruction, vesicoureteral reflux, anatomical abnormalities.

What are key clinical manifestations of Pyelonephritis?

Fever, costovertebral angle (CVA) pain, flank pain, nausea, dysuria, frequency, pyuria, hematuria, hypertension.

What are diagnostic tools for Pyelonephritis?

Urine cultures (E. coli), dipstick urinalysis (WBC detection), CT scan, ultrasound, elevated creatinine and BUN.

What are treatments for Pyelonephritis?

Antibiotics, NSAIDs.

What is Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)?

Sudden kidney trauma resulting in rapid decline in kidney function and azotemia.

What are signs of AKI?

Elevated creatinine, fluid retention.

What are causes of AKI?

Prerenal (ischemia, hemorrhages, shock), intrarenal (nephrotoxic drugs, infections, excessive hemoglobin/myoglobin), postrenal (nephrolithiasis, prostatic hyperplasia).

What are the four phases of AKI?

1. Initial insult (prerenal, intrarenal, postrenal disruption). 2. Oliguria (low GFR, low urine output, fluid overload). 3. Diuresis (high urine outflow, low concentration). 4. Recovery (healthy nephrons restore function).

What is Chronic Renal Failure (CRF)?

Irreversible, progressive kidney disease affecting 90-95% of nephrons, usually progressing to ESRD.

What are common causes of CRF?

Diabetes mellitus, hypertension, glomerulonephritis, polycystic kidney disease.

What are complications of CRF?

Anemia, metabolic acidosis, fluid overload, edema, uremic encephalopathy, proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, oliguria, electrolyte imbalances, thrombocytopenia, hypertension.

What are diagnostic tools for CRF?

CBC, BUN, creatinine, urinalysis, renal imaging.

What is the treatment for CRF?

Fluid and electrolyte management, blood pressure control, dialysis or kidney transplantation when GFR < 10-20 mL/min.

What is Furosemide used for?

Loop diuretic used to treat fluid overload in conditions like CHF, kidney disease.

What is Epoetin Alpha used for?

Stimulates RBC production to treat anemia in chronic kidney disease.