Biology Exam 3

Fungi are ________ meaning they rely on an external source of organic nutrients.

heterotrophic

Most fungi are composed of threadlike filaments called _________ that branch toward food sources.

hyphae

Filamentous fungi produce a mass of hyphae called __________ , which absorbs nutrients and secretes enzymes.

mycelium

Surface hyphae aggregate into a ___________ _________, which produces spores that are microscopic reproductive cells.

fruiting body

What is a fungus-plant root combination called?

mycorrhiza

What is the largest group of fungi and it contains more than 50,000 species?

Ascomycetes

What are the beneficial roles of fungi?

• Decomposers of dead plants and animals

• Sources of antibiotics, alcohol, and organic acids

• Used in making foods and in genetic research

What are fungal infections called?

mycoses

What are the four main plant groups?

1. nonvascular plants

2. seedless vascular plants

3. gymnosperms

4. angiosperms

What do leaves of plants capture for photosynthesis?

sunlight and CO2

What type of plant tissue is a bundle of tubes that transports water, minerals, and sugar throughout the plant?

vascular

What is a dominant plant embryo packed a food supply and this structure protects the embryo from drying out?

seed

What does a flower develop into after fertilization that protects and disperses the plant offspring?

fruits

What is the complex life cycle of a plant?

alternation of generations

True or False: Bryophytes have no vascular tissue, roots, leaves, seeds, or flowers.

True

Why are Gymnosperms referred to as “naked seed plants”?

produce seeds but do not enclose them in fruit

What does conifer sporophytes produce spores inside?

cones

Angiosperms produce pollen and egg cells in ____________, which develop into ___________ after fertilization.

flowers

fruit

What are the two types of vascular tissue in plants?

1. xylem

2. phloem

What are most animals?

invertebrates

What is the simplest group of animals?

sponges

What is the largest and most diverse phylum of animals?

arthropods

What are the most abundant vertebrates?

fishes

What are amniotes with hair and milk-secreting glands?

mammals

What is the study of an organism’s structure?

anatomy

What is the study of an organism’s function?

physiology

List the organizational hierarchy of the body.

1. cell

2. tissue

3. organ

4. organ system

List the four Tissues categories.

1. epitheluial

2. connective

3. muscle

4. nervous

Organ systems are __________ to promote ____________.

interactive

homeostasis

What do many sensors in the body use to maintain homeostasis?

negative feedback systems

in what feedback does a particular stimulus amplified to promote a biological activity?

positive

What are the three classes of neurons?

1. sensory neurons

2. interneurons

3. motor neurons

Information is carried through a neuron to its connection with another cell by an electrical impulse called what?

action potential

How do myelinated axons conduct impulses compared to unmyelinated cells?

more quickly

What type of molecules travel across a synapses?

neurotransmitters

What is a synapses?

a junction between a neuron and another cell

True or false: Neurotransmitters have both excitatory and inhibitory effects on the postsynaptic cell.

True

What does the central nervous system consist of?

brain and spinal cord

What transmits the information between the body and the brain and also controls reflexes without interacting with the brain?

spinal cord

What can the spinal cord control without interacting with the brain?

reflexes

List the 5 senses.

1. vision

2. hearing

3. smell-olfaction

4. taste-gustation

5. touch

What does the sense of smell and taste detect?

chemicals

What does the sense of vision detect?

light

In the retina, what provides black-and-white vision in dim light?

rod cells

In the retina, what detect color?

cone cells

What does sensory receptors in the inner ear translate in the air into action potentials?

vibrations

What does the inner ear provide the sense of?

equilibrium

What links the endocrine and the nervous system?

hypothalamus

What is the communication biochemicals of the endocrine system?

hormones

What hormones stimulate short-term stress responses?

epinephrine and norepinephrine

What hormones produce long-term stress responses?

glucocorticoids