Bio H Semester 1 Review

What goes into light reactions?

light, H20, NADP+, ADP

What comes out of light reactions?

O2, ATP, NADPH

Purpose of light reactions

convert light energy into chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH

Location of Light reactions

thylakoid membrane

What goes into Calvin Cycle?

CO2, ATP, NADPH, RuBP (Rubisco)

What comes out of Calvin Cycle?

G3P, ADP, NADP+

Purpose of the Calvin Cycle

To make glucose from carbon dioxide

Location of Calvin Cycle

stroma of the chloroplast

What goes into glycolysis?

glucose, 2 NAD+

What comes out of glycolysis?

2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, 2 NADH

Purpose of Glycolysis

break down of glucose into pyruvate

Location of glycolysis

cytoplasm

What goes into the Krebs cycle?

pyruvate (via acetyl CoA)

What comes out of the Krebs Cycle?

CO2, 2 ATP, 6 NADH, 6 FADH2

Purpose of Krebs Cycle

To transfer electrons from pyruvate to electron carriers

Location of Krebs cycle

mitochondrial matrix

What goes into Oxidative Phosphorylation?

NADH, FADH2, O2

What comes out of oxidative phosphorylation?

32-34 ATP, H2O

Purpose of Oxidative Phosphorylation

To make ATP for the cell

location of oxidative phosphorylation

inner mitochondrial matrix

What goes into both fermentations?

pyruvate, NADH

What comes out of Lactic acid fermentation?

NAD+, lactate, 2 ATP

What comes out of Ethanol fermentation?

NAD+, ethanol, CO2, ATP

Location of fermentation

cytoplasm

Anaerobic

without oxygen

Aerobic

with oxygen

OILRIG

oxidation is loss, reduction is gain (of electrons)

Parts of a chloroplast

thylakoid, granum (plural: grana), stroma

Parts of a mitochondria

inner membrane, outer membrane, cristae, matrix

What is oxidized in a photosynthesis reaction?

H2O (to O2)

What is reduced in a photosynthesis reaction?

CO2 (to C6H12O6)

What is oxidized in cellular respiration?

glucose (to CO2)

What is reduced in cellular respiration?

O2 (to H2O)

What are the seven properties of life?

order, regulation, growth and development, energy processing, response to the environment, reproduction, evolution

The three domains of life

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

Kingdoms of Eukarya

Fungi, Plantae, Animalia

96% of all matter is comprised of what

Carbon, Nitrogen, Hydrogen, Oxygen

isotope

same number of protons, but different amount of neutrons (mass difference)

Water properties

Adhesion, Cohesion, Surface tension, ice floats, high specific heat, universal solvent, neutral pH, evaporative cooling

Buffer

chemical that resists change in pH

What elements do all organic compounds contain?

carbon and hydrogen

Carbon skeleton structure options

Length, Branches, Rings, Double Bonds

isomer

same chemical formula, different structure

What are the six functional groups?

carbonyl, carboxyl, hydroxyl, phosphate group, amino group, menthyl (nonpolar)

Hydrolysis

breaking down of molecules by adding water

Dehydration synthesis

builds up molecules by taking out water

Four organic compound classes

Protein, Lipid, Carbohydrates, Nucleic Acids

Sugar suffix

• ose

Enzyme suffix

• ase

4 major polysaccharides

glycogen, starch, cellulose, chitin

All lipids are...

hydrophobic

3 main groups of lipids

fatty acids, phospholipids, steroids

Monomer of protein

amino acid

DNA building blocks

ATGC

RNA building blocks

AUGC

Surface area to volume

supply to demand

Hydrophobic...

tails

hydrophilic

heads

What organelles are considered parts of the endomembrane system?

nucleus, golgi apparatus, ER, Vesicle, plasma membrane, lysosome

Microtubule

acts as a tract which organelles can move along

microfilaments

reinforce cell shape and anchors organelles

intermediate filaments

help support cell and helps cellular movement

isotonic

conc same

hypotonic

lower conc

hypertonic

high conc

Energy in glucose captured in ATP

34%

binary fission vs cell division

prokaryote vs eukaryote

PMAT

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase