AP Psychology: Chapter 3: Sensation and Perception

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PET scans

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use a radioactive sugar injected into the bloodstream to track the activity of brain cells, which is enhanced and color- coded by a computer

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Aerial perspective

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the haziness that surrounds objects that are farther away from the viewer, causing the distance to be perceived as greater

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50 Terms

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PET scans

use a radioactive sugar injected into the bloodstream to track the activity of brain cells, which is enhanced and color- coded by a computer

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Aerial perspective

the haziness that surrounds objects that are farther away from the viewer, causing the distance to be perceived as greater

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Acetylcholine

is cleared out of the synapse by enzymes that break up the molecules

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Serotonin

is associated with sleep, mood, and appetite

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Myelin

insulates and protects the axons of neurons that travel in the body

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Overlap (interposition):

the assumption that an object that appears to be blocking part of another object is in front of the second object and closer to the viewer

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Dopamine

is associated with Parkinson's disease and schizophrenia

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Contiguity

the tendency to perceive two things that happen close together in time as being related

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Habituation

tendency of the brain to stop attending to constant, unchanging information sensory

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Cochlea

snail- shaped structure of the inner ear that is filled with fluid.

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Endorphins

are neural regulators that control our pain response Most neurotransmitters are taken back into the synaptic vesicles in a process called reuptake

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Curare

is a poison that blocks its effect

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Accommodation

as a monocular clue, the brain's use of information about the changing thickness of the lens of the eye in response to looking at objects that are close or far away

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Synesthesia

disorder in which the signals from the various sensory organs are processed in the wrong cortical areas, resulting in the sense information being interpreted as more than one sensation

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Parapsychology

the study of ESP, ghosts, and other subjects that do not normally fall into the realm of ordinary psychology

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Adaptation

tendency of sensory receptor cells to become less responsive to a stimulus that is unchanging

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thyroid gland

The is located inside the neck

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EEG

The allows researchers to measure the electrical activity of the surface of the brain through the use of electrodes placed on the scalp

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Afterimages

images that occur when a visual sensation persists for a brief time even after the original stimulus is removed

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thalamus

The is the relay station that sends sensory information to the proper areas of the cortex

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Auditory canal

a short tunnel that runs from the pinna to the eardrum

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reticular formation

The runs through the medulla and the pons and controls our wakefulness and arousal

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limbic system

The consists of the thalamus, hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdala, and the fornix

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pancreas

The controls the level of sugar in the blood by secreting insulin and glucagons

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cortex

The is the outer covering of the cerebrum and consists of a tightly packed layer of neurons about one- tenth of an inch in thickness

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special receptors

Sensation: the process that occurs when in the sense organs are activated, allowing various forms of outside stimuli to become neural signals in the brain

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optic nerve

Blind spot: area in the retina where the axons of the three layers of retinal cells exit the eye to form the , insensitive to light

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sexual growth

They secrete hormones to regulate , activity, and reproduction

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gonads

The are the ovaries in women and testes in men

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sleep wake

It secretes melatonin, a hormone that influences the cycle in humans and some animals in response to changes in light

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metabolism

It controls (the burning of energy) by secreting thyroxin

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Great strides

are being made in spinal cord repair and the growth of new neurons in the central nervous system.

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sexual behavior

The hypothalamus controls hunger, thirst, sleep, , sleeping and waking, and emotions

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Binocular disparity

: the difference in images between the two eyes, which is greater for objects that are close and smaller for distant objects

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Transduction

: the process of converting outside stimuli, such as light, into neural activity

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Rods

: visual sensory receptors found at the back of the retina, responsible for noncolor sensitivity to low

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neuron

A(n) contains charged particles called ions

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Gustation

the sensation of a taste

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Hertz (Hz)

cycles or waves per second, a measurement of frequency

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Proximity

the tendency to perceive objects that are close to each other as part of the same grouping

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Neurotransmitters

may be either excitatory or inhibitory

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left temporal lobe

An area called Wernicke's area in the is responsible for the understanding of language.

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Olfaction (olfactory sense)

the sensation of smell

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Auditory nerve

bundle of axons from the hair cells in the inner ear

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attention

It stimulates muscles, is involved in arousal and , and helps in memory formation.

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left frontal lobe

An area called Broca's area in the is responsible for producing fluent, understandable speech.

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MRI scans--->

use a magnetic field and a computer to give researchers an even more detailed look at the structure of the brain

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GABA

is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter; high amounts of GABA are released when drinking alcohol

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CT scans

are computer-aided X- rays of the brain and show a great deal of brain structure

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spinal column

The medulla is at the very bottom of the brain and top of the