GEOL 1010- Final Ohio University

how much of earths water is freshwater?

2.8%

how much of our fresh water is glacier water?

2.15%

Longest, largest, and muddiest river on the earth.

the nile

What is dischagre?

Volume of water flowing past a specific point

How do we estimate discharge?

Height x Width x Speed

laminal flow

Water flows smoothly, in straight line paths with no mixing or crossing of layers

turbulent flow

Stream paths mix, cross, and form swirls in a chaotic fashion

headwaters/source

• Farthest point upstream

• Usually in the hills or mountain

mouth

• Farthest point downstream

• Usually where the stream empties into a bigger stream, lake, or the ocean

longitudinal profile

Decrease in slope of the stream as it approaches the mouth

base level

Lowest level a stream erodes

how do rocks erode?

- Removal of rock debris

- Down cutting by abrasion

- Headwater erosion

two types of streams in floodplains

meandering and braided streams

meandering stream

A single channel with a sinuous pattern and are the most common pattern on floodplains

braided stream

Interwoven network of converging and diverging channels that thread their way among numerous islands and gravel bars

cut bank

side of stream that is eroded

point bar

side of stream where minerals are deposited

drainage basin

Total land that empties water into one stream system

drainage divide

Boundary separating one drainage basin from another

identify types of drainage patterns

What are the different ways stream transport sediments?

- Suspended Load

- Bed Load

- Dissolved Loa

natural levee

• Ridge of coarse-grained sediment adjacent to a stream channel in a floodplain deposited during flooding events

What is a delta?

- Stream speed decreases when it reaches the ocean

- Deposits most of the sediment being transported

types of deltas

stream dominated

wave dominated

tide dominated

great flood of 1993

- Mississippi & Missouri Rivers

- 6 months of rain and floods

- 80% of levees failed

-20 million acres flooded

-15-20 billion in damages

What is an aquifer?

• Rock body or layer of sediment that easily transports and stores water

unconfined aquifers

- Aquifers with upper surfaces that coincide with the water table

confined aquifer

- Water-bearing rocks or sediments are sandwiched between impermeable layers

porosity

The volume of empty space relative to the volume of sediment particles

permeability

Measure of how well a fluid flows through a network of pores and cracks in sedimentary material

zone of aeration

Sediment is under saturated and pore spaces contains both air and water

zone of saturation

sediment has all pore space filled with water

Water Table

• Boundary between the zone of aeration and saturation

• Water wells must be below this level

aquitard

Rock body or layer of sediment that allows the transport and storage of water, but not easily

aquiclude

Rock body or layer of sediment that does not allow the transport or storage of water

Means of groundwater contamination by manmade activities

saltwater intrusion, landfill, agriculture, industrial waste, sewage

hot spring

Heated ground water rises to the surface quickly and naturally creating a pool of hot water

fumarole

Steam vent where heated groundwater is converted to steam

geysar

Cyclic and explosive emissions of super-heated groundwater

Consequences of excessive groundwater withdrawal

Surface Subsidence

commonly occurred heated groundwater systems

hot fumarole, geyser

what states use the most water per day?

California, Florida, and Texas

where do earthquakes occur?

plate boundaries

divergent boundary earthquake

- Least damaging

- Caused by tension

tranform boundary earthquake

- Intermediate damage

- Caused by shear

convergent boundary earthquake

- MOST damaging

- Caused by compression

intraplate earthquakes

- Earthquakes occurring in plate interiors

hypocenter/focus

Point on the fault where motion first occurs

epicenter

Location on the surface above the hypocenter

body waves

Seismic waves that travel through Earth's interior

Primary (P) Waves

- Travel through compression of material along travel direction

- 6-8 kilometers per second

- Travels through solids,

secondary (S) Waves

-Travel through compression of material perpendicular to the travel direction

- 4-5 kilometers per second

- Only travels through solids

surface waves

Seismic waves that travel along Earth's surface

rayleigh waves

-Contain both compressional and transverse waves

- Like ripples in water

love waves

-Contain both transverse waves that shear the surface

- Like a snake slithering

Damages caused by earthquakes

- Collapse

- Fire Damage

- Landslides

- Flood

- Tsunami

What is tsunami?

Movement of seafloor during an earthquake produces a surge of water

How do we know that outer core is liquid?

behavior of seismic waves

How many minimum numbers of stations are required to locate an epicenter?

3

non-renewable energy sources

- Resource that is being consumed faster than nature can replenish it

-coal, oil, gas

renewable energy sources

- A resource that can be used at it's current rate without exhausting the supply

- Sun, Wind, Wat

how is oil separated?

density

heat and pressure break down hydrocarbons

natural gas

- Gaseous petroleum consisting predominantly of methane

- Used for heating, cooking, and general electricity

- "Cleanest" fossil fuel

oil

- Liquid petroleum consisting of a complex mixture of liquid hydrocarbons

- Used as sources of energy (heating & gasoline) and lubricants (motor oil & grease)

oil trap

• Geologic structure that allows many reservoirs of oil and gas to collect in one area

where is petroleum stored

• Source Rock

• Reservoir Rock

• Seal

• Oil Trap

coal

most abundant fossil fuel

uranium

nuclear resource with very low abundance

types of renewable energy

- Geothermal Energy

- Water Energy '

- Solar Energy

- Wind Energy

- Biomass Ener

metallic minerals

-Minerals that have metals combined with other metals or other elements

non-metallic minerals

-Minerals that may be commercially exploited but not as a source of metal

-gypsum, halite, sulfur

abundant metals

Metals that occur commonly in Earth's crust

aluminum, iron, magnesium, titanium

scarce metals

Metals that do not occur commonly in Earth's crust

copper, zinc, chromium, gold

techniques for mineral exploration

-Geophysical

- Geochemical

- Drilling

- Remote Sensin

chemical separation

Separation based on differences in reactivity of substances

physical separation

Separation based on differences in material properties of substances

use of raw chemicals

production of fertilizers, detergents, drugs, lubricants, and batteries

hardest of all minerals

diamond, used for drilling and cutting equipment

Ore of Aluminium

bauxite

Ross Marble Quarry, Knoxville,

full of industrial materials such as stone, sand, gravel