Unit 8: Topic 1 - Responses to the Environment

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24 Terms

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behavioral ecology
the study of how behaviors arise due to ecology and evolution
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behavior
* an animal’s response to a stimulus (internal or external)
* nature vs nurture (genetic and environmental factors)
* allow for survival and reproduction
* subject to natural selection
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proximate cause
* **how** a behavior occurs or how it is modified
* What was the stimulus to cause the behavior?
* How does the “nurture” component affect behavior (i.e. how do the experiences during growth and development influence the response)?
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ultimate cause
* **why** a behavior occurs (in context of natural selection)
* how does the behavior help the animal survive and reproduce?
* how does the “nature” component affect behavior (i.e. what is the evolutionary basis of the behavior)?
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innate behaviors
* developmentally fixed
* hereditary, born behaviors, do not need to learn them
* experience during growth has **no** obvious effect
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learned behaviors
* depend on environmental influence
* experiences DO affect these behaviors
* high variation in a population
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fixed action patterns (FAPS)
* INNATE BEHAVIOR
* a sequence of unlearned acts directly linked to a stimulus
* actions are **unchangeable**
* carried out to completion
* triggered by a __sign stimulus__ (external cue)
* ex: stickleback fish
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migration
* INNATE BEHAVIOR
* a regular, long-distance change in location
* triggered by environmental cues
* sun’s position
* earth’s magnetic field
* celestial cues
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signal
* INNATE BEHAVIORS
* a stimulus generated and transmitted from one animal to another; animal communication
* ex: visual, auditory, tactile, electrical, chemical
* pheromones
* chemicals emitted by members of a species that can affect other members of the same species
* stimulus response chains
* when a response to a stimulus serves as the next stimulus for a behavior
* seen in animal courtships
* body movement
* ex: waggle dance in bees
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directed movements
* INNATE BEHAVIOR
* movements towards or away from a stimulus
* kinesis
* taxis
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kinesis
* INNATE BEHAVIORS → DIRECTED MOVEMENTS
* random movement in response to a stimulus; non directional
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taxis
* INNATE BEHAVIOR → DIRECTED MOVEMENTS
* directional movement towards (positive) or away from (negative) a stimulus
* **phototaxis:** movement in response to light
* **chemotaxis:** movement in response to chemical signals
* **geotaxis:** movement in response to gravity
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learning
* LEARNED BEHAVIORS
* the modification of behavior based on specific experiences
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imprinting
* LEARNED BEHAVIORS
* a long-lasting behavioral response to an individual
* happens during a sensitive period of development (usually very early in life)
* imprinting occurs on the first individual they encounter
* ex: ducks following their mother
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spatial learning
* LEARNED BEHAVIORS
* establishing memories based upon the spatial structure of the animal’s surroundings
* some animals from a **cognitive map** or use landmarks as environmental cues
* example: birds finding their hidden nests
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associative learning
* LEARNED BEHAVIORS
* the ability to associate one environmental feature with another
* example: associating monarch butterflies with a foul taste
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social learning
* LEARNED BEHAVIORS
* learned through observations and imitations of the observed behaviors
* ex: chimps breaking open oil palm nuts
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foraging
* food obtaining behavior
* searching for, recognizing, and capturing food items
* animals better at ___________ will be more successful in finding food
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mating behaviors
* animals can be monogamous or polygamous (polygyny or polyandry)
* sexual dimorphism can results from sexual selection
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altruism
* selfless behavior
* reduces the individual’s fitness, but increases the fitness of the rest of the population
* ex: naked mole rat colonies have only one reproducing female (queen), who will only mate with a few males (kings). the other nonproductive members will sacrifice themselves to protect their queen and kings
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phototropism
* a directional response that allows plants to grow towards (and in some cases away from) a source of light
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photoperiodism
* allows plants to develop in response to day length; plants flower only at certain times of the year
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plant defenses
* physical defenses
* thorns, trichomes (small plant like hairs)
* chemical defenses
* production of toxic or distasteful compounds
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soil composition
* can affect plants
* the pH of soil can affect flower coloring in some plants
* nutrients are more accessible at certain pH
* ex: hydrangea blooms turn different colors based upon soil pH