theories

bitch get to it you need a 75 for an A

third person effect

hypothesis that people believe mass media messages have a greater effects on others than themselves

third person example

research shows that people may be swayed more than they think subconsciously; you see it you want it

illusory truth effect

describes people’s tendency to perceive messages as more credible if they have been exposed to them before

illusory truth example

consumers hear a claim so many times they believe it as more credible if they have been exposed to them more; fake news becomes believable

chameleon effect

The unconscious mimicking of other people’s facial expressions, gestures, mannerisms, and other verb/nonverb behaviors

chameleon effect example

mimicking to fit in more likely to happen in new environments

cultivation theory

proposes people develop beliefs about the world based on a complex array of influences including media

cultivation theory example

there is a high risk of being influenced if you have little experience to counterbalance info; why children are vulnerable to mediated messages

social cognitive theory

proposes that people learn to behave by watching others and by watching and attending to the consequences of others behavioral choices

social cog example

demonstrates how people learn through observation and imitation and how this can lead to positive and negative behaviors that are imitated

social comparison theory

proposes that people judge themselves largely in comparison to others

Mental Noise Theory

the observation that when upset people have a hard time hearing, comprehending, and remembering information

The Health Belief Model

behavioral choices based on six factors

• perceived risk

• severity of it

• others recs

• advantages

• the belief in their ability to carry out

• specific cues to actions

The Health Belief Model Example

framework for how people negotiate and respond to perceived risks to their health

negative dominance theory

states that people tend to focus on negative information during crisis situations especially when they are upset, anxious, or fearful

negative dominance example

two or more positive oriented messages for each negative message cuts down on mental noise (research 3-4)

IDEA Model

instructional risk comm with 4 components

• internalization

• distribution

• explanation

• action

idea model example

national crisis recovery

exemplification theory

proposes easy to understand examples can be used to convey complicated ideas in memorable ways that require little analytic thought

exemplification theory example

people react more to examples that are concrete and emotion-evoking than data points; superfoods v. frakenfoods

crisis & emergency risk model

5 crisis phases

• pre crisis

• intial event

• maintenance

• resolution

• evaluation

crisis & emergency risk model example

which messages are most needed during a crisis page 269 go look at it bitch

activation model for info exposure

Persuasive messages are most effective when they stimulate optimal arousal for viewer; what is optimal for one person may not work for another

activation model example

campaigns should tailor their messages to diff audiences

• shocking psa’s work for some

• fear factor approach can be way too much for others

elaboration likelihood model (elm)

when people are highly invoked with a message they pay close attention to details and evaluate the message thoroughly

elm example

highlights how motivation, interest, and msg characteristics influence persuasion; people process depend on how invested they are on the topic and energy spent doing so

diffusion of innovation

describes a multistep process in which new info is filtered and passed along throughout a community

diffusion of innovation example

innovators, early adopters, early majority, late majority, late adopters

• how new ideas spread gradually than all at once

self determination theory

perspective that people experience a sense of control when their needs for

• competence

• connection

• autonomy are met

prospect theory

people are more motivated to avoid a loss than to experience a gain

prospect theory example

people assign a value then weigh the options; win or lose

theory of planned behavior (tpb)

The idea that the difference between wanting to do something and actually doing it lies partly in the strength of a person’s intentions and the extent to which they feel that they can carry out the behavior.

tpb example

assumes that all behaviors are conscious, planned, and reasoned. People can act rationally due to emotions

theory of reasoned action (tra)

The assumption that people make decisions based on how strongly they believe a behavior will lead to positive outcomes and the perceived social implications of performing that behavior.

tra example

beliefs lead to attitudes which leads to behavioral intention

transtheoretical model

The theory that behavior change typically involves precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, and maintenance.

trans example

people move through a series of stages when trying to alter problematic behavior

cognitive dissonance

psychological state of having inconsistent thoughts, beliefs, or attitudes especially when relating to behavioral decisions

cognitive dissonance example

if a person is feeling unpleasant emotions they will strive to get rid of discomfort by challenging behaviors; doesn’t apply to me justifies behavior

extended parallel process model

the perspective that people evaluate a threatening or fearful msg to determine if they are personally at risk and to judge whether they can prevent a harmful outcome

eemp example

when audiences perceived threat and efficacy are high they engage in protective behaviors and act along msg recs; vice versa

culture centered approach

the perspective that health isnt the result of individual choices:

• culture

• power

• control

• identity

cultured centered example

health is more than just the product of choices people make as individuals it is influenced by a range of factors

Direct Effect Model

support with stressors is still beneficial; money in the bank

buffer hypothesis

social support during a crisis can help cushion feelings of overwhelmed/ hopeless feelings

social network theory

strong ties with overlapping networks weak ties without them

ring theory

dump out feelings with those furthest from crisis

how many people in the U.S provide at home care to a loved one?

53 million