Social 20: Related Issue 2 - Study Guide

Chapter 6 - Nationalism and the Pursuit of National Interests Chapter 7 - Why Pursue National Interests? Chapter 8 - Nationalism and Ultranationalism during Times of Conflict Chapter 9 - Ultranationalism and Genocide Chapter 10 - What Are the Impacts of Pursuing National Self-Determination?

Ultranationalism

an extreme form of nationalism which promotes hostility and the interests and identity of one nation over and at the expense of others

National Interest

cultural, economic, political, religious, or military goal of a nation.

National Self-Determination

the right of the people of a nation to decide how they want to be governed, or what national interest will be pursued, without the influence of any other outside nations.

Propaganda

Information and ideas that are spread to achieve a specific goal.

• often used to persuade people to think and behave in a certain way.

• usually oversimplifies an issue.

Genocide

The killing of members of a national, ethnic, racial, or religious group; causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group.

• deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of the life calculated to bring about its physical destruction.

Holocaust

• 6 million Jewish people and MILLIONS of other “undesirables” were exterminated.

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• Between 1933 to 1939 these acts continued. Anyone who spoke against these acts were quickly silenced with threats.

• Most people outside Germany looked the other way.

Holodomor (1932-1933)

USSR was experiencing a famine due to a combination of environmental factors and Stalin’s rapid industrialization plans.

• Stalin decided to seize grain from Ukrainian farmers and take it to the cities.

  • Killed 2.5-7.5 million in Ukraine due to starvation

• Speculated to halt Ukrainian independence.

HOLODOMOR = DEATH BY STARVATION

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During WWI, Ukrainians tried to assert independence, however they came under Soviet Rule.

• Soviet authorities allowed a policy of “Ukrainization” → promoting language and cukture

  • This led to a desire for greater national self-determination

• Ukraine’s desire threatened Stalin’s goal to centralize power.

  • Began “Russification” → assimilate republics of Soviet Union to Russian Culture

Multilateralism

an alliance of multiple countries pursuing a common goal.

Policy

a plan or pattern of action that is deliberately chosen to influence future decisions.

Foreign Policy

the set of policies which influence decisions a country makes internationally.

• goals that outline how a country interacts with another

Domestic Policy

the set of policies which influence decisions within a country.

Allies

a state cooperating with another for military or other purposes.

• Triple Entente

• Triple Alliance

Triple Entente (Allied Powers)

• Britain

• France

• Russia

Triple Alliance (Central Powers)

• Germany

• Austria-Hungary

• Italy

Nazi

a member of a German political party that controlled Germany under Hitler.

Nazi Propaganda

used mass propaganda and their new absolute powers to further cement public opinion against groups regarded as outsiders.

Communism

political (government) and economic system in which productive resources are owned by the government, and wealth is divided among the citizens equally.

• Joseph Stalin (Soviet Union) in WW2

Isolationism

a policy of remaining apart from the affairs or interests of other groups, especially the political affairs of other countries

Appeasement

the policy of settling international conflicts by satisfying grievances through rational negotiation and compromise.

• avoiding armed conflict → can be expensive and harmful

Conscription

compulsory enlistment in military

• mandatory enlistment (forced)

Conscription Crisis in Canada (WW1)

During WW1, Canada faced a conscription crisis with the implementation of the Military Service Act, aimed to recruit more men but resulted in significant resistance and protests due to its mandatory nature.

• The conscription divided the Canadian society, highlighting the issues between English and French Canadians.

Conscription In Canada Timeline

Military Service Act (1917)

• Attempted to recruit 100,000 more men, who would face arrest if they did not enlist. (Treason) 

• Only 24,000 troops ever reached the front lines.

• Had to give up status and treaty rights, some still chose to.

  • ex) First Nations

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Statue of Westminster (1931):

• Allowed Canada to make its own decisions regarding foreign actions.

• Economy was booming in Canada, factories building weapons for war.

  • Resulted in few men joining military

• PM Borden promised no conscription but later held a vote to free himself of this commitment.

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National Resources Mobilization Act (1940):

• sent 16,000 troops overseas

  • dubbed “zombies” due to lack of motivation

  • resulted in violent protests

  • only 13,000 went and few reached front lines

Internment Camps in Canada

WW1: (Mostly Triple Alliance/Central Powers)

• Ukrainians

• Germans

• Hungarian

• Turkish

• Austrian

WW2:

• Japanese Canadians

Extermination Camps (WW2)

Place of confinement; slave labour and eventual genocide.

• Prisoners were systematically killed and cremated/placed in mass graves.

  • ex) gas chambers, mass shootings, forced labor

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Established by Nazi Germany with the sole purpose of systematically murdering millions of people, primarily Jews.

• designed to carry out genocide on a larger scale.

War Crimes

Wilful killing, torture, or inhuman treatment causing great suffering.

• intentionally directing attacks against a civilian population or against those who are involved in a humanitarian or peacekeeping missions.

Crimes Against Humanity

Widespread or systematic attacks against a civilian population.

• murder, extermination, enslavement, deportation, imprisonment, torture, rape or sexual slavery, enforced disappearance of persons, and the crime of apartheid.

Ethnic Cleansing

A term used to make more socially acceptable the murder or expulsion of an ethnic nation from a territory.

Positive Consequences in Pursuit of National Interest

• Survival and Security

• Economic Growth and Power

• Maintain QOL for citizens

Negative Consequences in Pursuit of National Interest

• Ultranationalism

• Isolationism

• Conflict and War

• Human Rights Violations

• Economic Inequality

How does National Interest shape Foreign Policy

• Defines Goals and Priorities

• Formation of Alliances

• Negotiation and Diplomacy

  • To resolve or address challenges

• Trade and Economic Policies

Nationalist

believes a nation should spend its money on its citizens first, and citizens of other nations after.

Internationalist

a nation should care for both its own citizens and greater group of world citizens.

Canada’s National Interest - Northern Sovereignty

• Developed the area → resource exploration

  • had natural resources such as oil, gas, minerals

• Used the area for shipping routes via the Northwest Passage

Canada’s Obstacles in Pursuing Northern Sovereignty

• Alternate Interpretations

  • U.S claims that the Northwest Passage was an international area

• Russia claims to have claimed the Arctic already

East Timor National Interests

After two decades of fighting and 250,000 deaths, independence was reached.

• Held a referendum but militia groups plagued the country and destroyed infrastructure.

• Humanitarian concerns

Fundamental Causes of WW1

MAIN:

• Militarism

• Alliances (Formation of Alliances)

• Imperialism

• Nationalism

Fundamental Causes of WW2

• Isolationism

• Appeasement

• Nationalism/Ultranationalism

Nationalism (a feeling)

The collective, shared sense of belonging of people who identify themselves as a nation

Imperialism

extending a country’s power and influence through military force or diplomacy.

• resulted in clashes between nations for control over undeveloped countries that had raw materials or were situated in strategic locations.

Militarism

the belief that a country should have a strong military capability and be prepared to use it aggressively to defend or promote its interests.

• led nations to increase military spending and build up armaments.

• took on a more important role in gov’t, especially in Germany.

Formation of Alliances

Europe was divided into two armed camps:

• Triple Alliance

• Triple Entente

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“If other nations attack us, we will have other nation-states as backup”

“We must go to war because ___ is going to war” 

“If we form an alliance, there will be more of us, therefore would make for a tougher battle. They cannot take on ALL of us”.

Totalitarianism

a form of government that permits no individual freedom and seeks to subordinate all aspects of individual life to the authority of the government/state.

• prohibits opposition political parties

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Leader Examples:

• Benito Mussolini (Italy)

• Adolf Hitler (Germany)

WW1 Timeline

• Bosnian Serb (Gavrilo Princip) assassinated the heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne (Archduke Franz Ferdinand)

• Austria Hungary → declared war on Serbia

• Russia → defended Serbia (wanted influence in Balkan Region)

• Germany → defended Austria-Hungary

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• Germany → declares war on Russia

• Germany knows it might have to fight a two-front war.

  • Prepared with the Schlieffen Plan:

  • Phase 1: take out France quickly to take them out of the war.

  • Phase 2: turn against Russia

• Britain → declares war on Germany

  • Germany moved troops through Belgium, a neutral area. Violating Treaty of Neutrality.

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• Britain → defends Belgium neutrality

  • Aids France on declaring war on Germany and its allies (Triple Alliance)

• British Empire was now at war.

  • Triple Entente + Serb VS. Triple Alliance + Turkey.

• Italy switches sides and joins the Triple Entente.

  • Declares war on Austria Hungary and severing ties with Germany.

  • Switches side because was offered land. (Treaty of London)

• America joined Triple Entente.

Results of WWI

• Trench Warfare

• Millions Dead

• War of Attrition

  • military strategy → to repeatedly wear out the other side.

Paris Peace Conference (1919)

Treaty of Versailles was negotiated.

League of Nations was founded.

• Leaders of 32 states attended

• Germany was initially was not invited to sit down

• Most of the decision making was done by “The Big Four”

Treaty of Versailles

Woodrow Wilson outlined a blueprint for peace in Europe

• Known as the Fourteen Points → a foreign policy that was applied for all Allies.

The Big Four

• Clemenceau (France)

• Woodrow Wilson (USA)

• Lloyd George (Britain)

• Orlando (Italy)

What did the Big Four want with the Treaty of Versailles?

Clemenceau (France):

• wanted to cripple Germany so that they would never wage war again.

Woodrow Wilson (USA)

• did not feel harsh punishment was the way.

• wanted to create a humane treaty with Germany.

Lloyd George (Britain)

• promised British that Germany would pay for the damages of the war.

• wanted Britain to maintain access to colonies without Germany threating access.

Orlando (Italy)

• wanted land if they switched up.

Rhineland

a region on both sides of the Rhine River in western Germany-Industrial key location.

• was to be demilitarized

How was Germany Punished? (GARGLE)

Guilt:

• Germany had to accept guilt and blame for World War One.

Armed Forces:

• The Germans had to greatly reduce the size of their military.

Reparations:

• Germany had to pay the bill for most of the damage done by the War.

Germany lost territory:

• Germany itself was shrunk and Germany lost all of its colonies.

League of Nations

• Germany was not allowed to join the League of Nations when it was formed.

Extra Points:

• Germany was hit with several other restrictions such as not being allowed to merge with Austria.

League of Nations

An international organization whose mission is to maintain world peace and to resolve international disputes.

• Created after WW1

  • Formed to prevent another war like the WW1

Why did the League of Nations Fail?

League of Nations failed to prevent aggression and territorial expansion.

• Japan’s Invasion of Manchuria (China)

• Italy’s Invasion of Abyssinia (Ethiopia)

• Germany’s remilitarization of the Rhineland

• Was weakened economically and politically due to Great Depression

Expansionism (example of foreign policy)

a policy advocating for territorial or economic expansion.

• often pursued aggressively.

• initiated the WW2.

Reasons for Expansionism

During Interwar period and Great Depression, leaders of Germany, Italy, Japan → needed more land to accomplish their goals!

• racial, economic factors and empire building were used to justify the foreign policy.

Japan’s Expansionism and Ultranationalism

• Was behind in all aspects due to isolationist policies.

• Swiftly changed from feudal, agricultural society → modern, industrialized.

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• Believed it was their right to colonize in the Pacific → saw it as a “obligation” to liberate other Asian Nations from EU and NA domination.

  • Wanted to emulate the foreign policies of US and EU nations.

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• Japan also needed more resources from other Asian countries to support its large population.

Important Reason for Japan Expansionism

Japan needed more resources from other Asian countries such as raw materials, markets, and arable land in order to support its large and growing population.

Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere

Japan expansionism/domination of East Asia

Manchuria (China)

• Japan’s population increased greatly → country was no longer self-sufficient in food production.

  • completely depended on international trade in Manchuria (China)

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• Japan built railroads and invested large sums of money in Manchuria Economy.

  • was bombed later on, many believed it was staged by Japan itself.

Japan and League of Nations

League of Nations condemned Japan for invading Manchuria, but was powerless to intervene.

• Japan then withdrew from the League of Nations

Italy’s Expansionism and Ultranationalism

• Fascist Leader Mussolini came into power → wanted to create a new “Roman Empire”.

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• Took over a financially strained society that felt wronged by Treaty of Versailles.

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• Wanted to bring back wealth and prosperity to the nation which also guided Italian foreign policy.

Important Reason for Italy Expansionism

Mussolini wanted to bring back wealth and prosperity to the nation which also guided Italian foreign policy.

Abyssinia (Ethiopia)

• Mussolini planned to unify the two Italian colonies in Africa by trying to conquer Abyssinia, which contained farm, coal, iron, copper and gold.

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• Two Italian armies invade Abyssinia

  • international community, struggling with the effects of the Depression → did little to stop the aggression.

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• Lack of resolve and aid from outside nations → served as a green light to Hitler, confirming his belief in the weakness of his enemies.

Germany’s Expansionism

• Financially devastated due to the measures of the Treaty of Versailles

• Loss of Territory

• Extreme decrease in military might

All points of Treaty of Versailles damaged German people financially, politically, and socially. → this environment that Hitler capitalized on in order to gain power.

• Remilitarization of the Rhineland

  • Violated Treaty of Versailles restrictions.

Anschluss (“connection, joining”)

An event that formed a union between Germany and Austria.

• Breaking one of the conditions in the Treaty of Versailles (Union with Austria is forbidden)

• Broke these conditions in an attempt to rebuild their nation’s capacity for war.

Lebensraum

a German term that translates to “living space”

• referred to the expansionist concept of acquiring additional territory, to provide living space for German people.

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Hitler and Nazi regime believed that Germany needed to expand its territory to accommodate its growing population, to secure access to vital resources and to establish dominance in Europe.

Military Service Act

• attempted to recruit 100,000 more men into WW1

  • would be arrested if they didn’t enlist.

  • forced register or else treason

Fascism

characterized by the exercise of control over virtually all aspects of the nation and its people by its rulers.

• referring to the roman symbol for “power through unity”

Fascism Vs. Communism

Fascism (Mussolini and Hitler):

• full control of social classes

• prosperity of the nation matters more than individual rights and happiness

Communism (Stalin):

• full control for equality

Conscription

compulsory enlistment in military

Mussolini

An Italian dictator that coined the term of “Fascism”.

• individually weak, but collectively strong

The Nanjing Massacre

Japanese army reached the Chinese Capital of Nanjing but Chiang Kai-shek and his government already fled the city.

• The Japanese massacred 300,000 residents of Nanjing upon learning that the Chinese government had escaped.

Pearl Harbour and Hong Kong (Japan)

• Without warning, Japanese Navy attacked Pearl Harbour.

  • Sinking battleships and killing over 2,000 Americans

• Japan also captured Hong Kong against Canadian and other troops.

  • Many Canadian troops were captured and hundreds died of mistreatment in Japanese POW camps.

Other Victims of Nazi Mass Murder

• Slavs

• Poles

• Homosexuals

• Disabled

• Communists

• Soviet POWs

• Roma

• Jews

Mackenzie King’s Nationalistic Policies

• Refugee Rejection

• Propaganda and Censorship

• Japanese internment

• Imposing Conscription

Nuremberg Trials

Nazi figures were tried and sentenced to death by an international group of judges.

Responses to Atrocities in the Former Yugoslavia

Initially, UN did little to prevent the killings.

• NATO began a bombing campaign against the Serbs in 1995, which stopped the Serbs but also caused hundreds of civilian casualties.

Responses to the Rwandan Genocide

Despite UN peacekeepers stationed in Rwanda, the international community did nothing to intervene.

• Unlike Yugoslavia, the community appeared reluctant to commit troops to stabilize a small African nation.

Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki

During WW2, America dropped the world’s first atomic bomb over Hiroshima, and then later dropping another on Nagasaki.

• Resulted in Japan’s Emperor Hirohito to announce his country’s unconditional surrender in WW2.

• Only resorted to the Atomic bombs due to the belief that Japanese were so dedicated that they would never surrender, leading to more American deaths.

What was Ukraine known as?

Known as the “Breadbasket of Europe”

• due to fertile farmland and abundant agriculture.

Genocide is a _______

Process. not an event

India and Pakistan

By the end of WW2, Britain found that maintaining colonies was no longer in their national interests.

• Britain decided to create two independent states through the partitioning of India.

  • India (Hindu) and Pakistan (Muslim)

• Many displacement due to the creation of the new boundaries of the state.

  • The partitioning resulted in a migration of nearly 15 million people → leading to massacres by both Muslim and Hindus.

3 Ways a Nation can acquire Self-Determination

• Decolonization (Mozambique)

• Successor States (Ukraine, Chechnya)

• Referenda (Quebec, East Timor)

Decolonization (Mozambique)

In Southeast Africa, became a stopover for the Portuguese trading in India and the far East.

• Portugal was involved in trade and colonization elsewhere and did little to develop the colony of Mozambique

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In Early 1900s, Mozambique was seen as a land of opportunity, and immigration to the colony soared.

• Wanted to achieve independence but took years of negotiations and peacekeeping before a peaceful resolution and free elections were possible in Mozambique

• 30 years after achieving self-determination, Mozambique is struggling with problems that threaten its stability.

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Was decolonized to achieve Self-Determination

Successor States (Ukraine, Chechnya)

Ukraine and Chechnya followed the breakup of the Soviet Union and reached a resolution to gain Self-Determination.

Referenda (Quebec, East Timor)

Quebec and ET held a referendum to reach Independence.

Third-Party Involvement

UN or International Court can get involved in a country's affairs to grant it self-determination and to free them from external control. 

• Due to the process rarely having international force or a proper system, this majority of the time results in conflict so it is not done often.