Biology Exam 4: Respiratory Volumes & Functions Explained

what can all of the cells inside of all the tissues not survive without for more than a matter of minutes

ATP --> oxygen --> respiratory system

what is the surface area of the lungs

~1000 square feet

why is there much surface area on the lungs

more chances for diffusion

how many alveoli do we have in the lungs

300-500 million

how long are the airways in the lungs

1500 miles total

what are the 4 functions of the respiratory system

1. get air to alveoli

2. gas exchange with blood

3. speech

4. olfaction

where is tone produced

in larynx

what adds richness to speech

resonation chamgers: nasal cavity, oral cavity, and pharynx

what is sound shaped by

lips and tounge

what is the process of respiration

1. ventilation

2. external respiration

3, gas transport

4. internal respiration

5. cell metabolism

what is ventilation

movement of air in and out of lungs

what is external respiration

gas exchange between air in lungs and the blood

what is gas transport

blood carries gasses

what is internal respiration

gas exchange between blood and tissue

what is cell metabolism

use of O2, by cell, production of CO2

what lines all airways

ciliated mucous membranes

what do ciliated mucous membranes contain

unicellular glands that secrete mucous

where is the cilia found on ciliated mucous membranes

on airway side

what are the functions of ciliated mucous membranes

1. moisten air as it comes in and reduce water loss on exhale

2. protects by mucus catching microbes --> cilia move into digestive tract for excretion

what is the implications of smoking to the ciliated mucous membranes

- tar exposure destroys cilia

- smoking creates more particles to deal with

what is the result of smoking for the ciliated mucous membranes

reduced ability to deal with particles

what are 10 respiratory passageways

1. alveolar duct

2. alveoli

3. respiratory bronchioles

4. alveolar sac

5. nasal cavity

6. oral cavity

7. pharynx

8. larynx

9. trachea

10. primary bronchus

where do the passageways split off into two pathways

after pharynx before larynx

what are the 4 structures of the nose

1. external nose

2. external nares (aka nostrils)

3. nasal cavity

4. internal nares

what is the nasal cavity divided by

nasal septum

what separates the nasal cavity from the oral cavity

hard palate

what are the internal nares

openings between nasal cavity and pharynx (throat)

what are the functions of the nose

1. filter out bacteria, viruses, dust, etc

2. warms and moistens air

3. olfaction

how does the nose filter out bacteria, viruses, dust, etc

hairs catch large particles

how much mucus/day does hour nose produce

1 Liter

how does our nose warm and moisten the air

rich blood supply and thin epithelium

--> application to microbes and drugs --> gets right into bloodstream immediately --> good connection to blood vessels

what can't handle the cold dry air

lungs

-- nose is better bc mucus is better than saliva

what is the pharynx

muscular tube, lined by mucous membrane

what does the pharynx connect

connects nasal and oral cavities to esophagus and larynx

what passes through the pharynx

both fluid/drink and air

what are the 3 parts of the pharynx

1. nasopharynx

2. oropharynx

3. laryngopharynx

where does the naropharynx live

- continuous with nasal cavity, superior to oral cavity

- pharyngotympanic tube originates here

what are the characteristics of the oropharynx

- continuous with oral cavity

- lined by tonsils

- separated from nasopharynx by soft palate and uvula

what is the function of the separaton of the oropharynx and nasopharynx

prevents food from entering nasal cavity

what joins together to form the laryngopharynx

naso- and oropharynx join

what is the larynx also called

voice box

what is the larynx

muscular tube, lined by mucous membrane, supported by cartilage

what goes in the larynx

air only

what are the two parts to the larynx

1. glottis

2. epiglottis

what is the glottis

opening to laryngopharynx, cartilage

what is the epiglottis

covers glottis during swallowing

-- extrinsic muscle of larynx elevate larynx

-- epiglottis pushed down over glottis

-- made of elastic cartilage

what happens if anything but air enters the larynx

cough

what is a sneeze vs cough

sneeze: reflexive action to get something out of nose --> epiglottis closes

cough: reflexive action to get something out of larynx or lower; epiglottis opens

what are two structures in the larynx

1. vestibular folds

2. vocal cords

what is the function of the vestibular folds

prevent food from entering and prevent air from leaving when holding breath

what are the vocal cords

bands of connective tissue stretching across uper opening of larynx

-- vibrate when exhaling

what is pitch regulated by

length and tension of cords

what does a longer versus tighter cord mean

longer --> lower pitch

tighther --> higher pitch

what is tension regulated by

intrinsic muscles (guitar strings)

what is the trachea

muscular tube, lined by mucous membrane

what is the trachea supported by

rings of hyaline cartilage (toughest, strongest type of cartilage)

what is the function of hyaline cartilage supporting the trachea

keep trachea from collapsing, due to negative pressure with inhaling

--> allows esophagus to smash it down some

what are the two primary bronchi

right and left

what do the primary bronchi have

have cartilage rings

- inner layer is ciliated epithelium

what is the secondary and tertiary part of the bronchial tree

bronchioles

what are the characteristics of the bronchioles

- no cartilage

- smooth muscle: to change airway size

what are the two types of activation for the bronchioles

- SNS activation --> dilate ; move air

- PNS activation --> constrict ; less air

what are the two parts of the alveoli

1. alveolar ducts

2. alveoli

what are alveolar ducts

last passageway before alveoli

what are alveoli

small hollow balls surrounded by capillaries

what is the function of the alveoli

gas exchange

what are the cell types of the alveoli

1. type I pneumocytes

--> squamous epithelium

2. type II pneumocytes

--> secrete surfactant

how are alveoli organized

organized into sacs (bundles of balls)

what do alveoli contain

macrophages are present for protection (to catch any invaders)

how many sides of our lungs do we have

right and left

which side of our lungs is larger

right; has 3 lobes

how many lobes does the left lung have

2 lobes, notch for heart

what is the lungs surrounded by

pleural memrane

what are the 3 parts of the pleural membrane

1. parietal pleura: closer to ribs

2. visceral pleura: closer to lungs

3. pleural cavity: space between; fluid filled

what is the function of the pleural cavity

- cuts down on friction with moving lungs

- pressure must stay less than in the lungs or pneumothorax (or else collapsed lungs)

what are the 4 types of respiratory volumes

1. tidal volume (TV)

2. inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

3. expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

4. residual volume (RV)

what is tidal volume (TV)

normal in an out with each breath

what is inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

full forced inspiration

what is expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

full forced expiration

what is residual volume (RV)

amount you can't push out

how do you calculate inspiratory capacity (IC)

IC = IRV + TV

how do you calculate functional residual capacity (FRC)

FRC = ERV + RV

** air left in a normal breath

how do you calculate vital capacity (VC)

VC = IRV + TV + ERV

** total moveable air in lungs

how do you calculate total lung capacity (TLC)

TLC = VC + RV

** how much air out lungs can hold

how do you calculate ventilation (VE)

VE = liters of air per min; TV x RR