Chapter 11: Institutional Corrections

Stanford Prison Experiment

• collective behavior in institutions

• institutional norms and values

• power and authority

institutional corrections

facilities used to detain individuals in the criminal justice system

Michel Foucault

Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison

hanging

used in early days of the US as penalty for worst offenses

flogging

serious beatings or whippings, stopped in 1952

branding

served as record to alert others of past offenses

stocks

painful punishment generally administered through public humiliation

William Penn

• helped shift toward humane treatment

• jails as usual punishment gained favor

• advocated against corporal punishment

penitentiaries

correctional facility used to imprison criminal offenders

Pennsylvania System

philosophy isolation and silence necessary for offender reflection, reformation, and rehabilitation

• Walnut Street Jail in 1790

separate system

reflects the lack of interpersonal interactions experienced by the inmates

Auburn System

based on reformation where inmates housed separately and not allowed to communicate

contract system

prison officials sold the labor and services of inmates to private contractors; convicts develop skills and appropriate work habits

• inmates treated inhumanely and sometimes died

• stopped in early 1900s

correctional officers

people charged with managing inmates who are incarcerated

The Reformation Movement

born during the 1870 meeting of National Prison Association, new methods of incarceration were needed

Declaration of Principles

called for institutions forced on reformation and rejected notion punishment was the main goal

Indiana Women’s Reformatory

first all-female maximum-security facility under Declaration of Principles

Just Deserts

sentencing perspective focused on proportionality of the crime; parole abolished at the federal level and in roughly half of states

• inmates have limited privileges and conditions are harsh

• harsher and longer sentences

solitary confinement

type of imprisonment in which an inmate is physically, visually, and audibly confined

• overused and misused

• kept in cell usually 23 hours a day

• used as punishment or to protect inmate from self or others

• negative physical and psychological consequences

• educational bias

• more frequently used with Black and LGBTQ inmates

jail

local facilities managed by cities and counties

• paid to house federal felony prisoners serving longer sentences

• house who they cannot afford to pay bail

lockups

local facilities used to detain individuals for 24-48 hours

classification review

assessment made to determine offender’s risk level and needs

super-maximum prisons

most secure and restrictive of all prisons, reserved for most dangerous offenders

maximum-security prisons

most secure facilities available in many states

medium-security prisons

house inmates who have committed less serious crimes

minimum security prisons

house mainly nonviolent white-collar criminals who are thought to pose little or no risk