Psych Final

Chapter 15

Cryptic Ruminating Umbilicus Disorder-

"Medical students disease"

American Psychiatric Association definition of "Mental Disorder"-

Clinically significant disturbance in an individual's cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior that reflects a dysfunction in the psychological, biological, or developmental processes underlying mental functioning.

Biopsychosocial Model

Biological, psychological, and sociological aspects of abnormal behavior.

International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems Tenth Edition (ICD-10)-

Includes diagnoses for all types of illness.

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)-

The fifth edition of the ICD-10.

Personality Disorder-

A maladaptive, inflexible way of dealing with the environment and other people.

How is DSM useful to researchers?

It increases consistency in how disorders are diagnosed.

Why is it easy for people with different symptoms to get the same diagnosis?

Many disorders are characterized in an either-or fashion.

Why is it often difficult to give a clear diagnosis?

Many people have symptoms that partly match more than one category.

What is an alternative to the categorical approach to diagnosis?

Rate each person's symptoms along several dimensions.

Generalized Anxiety Disorder-

Frequent, exaggerated worries.

Panic Disorder-

Frequent anxiety and occasional attacks of panic- rapid breathing, increased heart rate, chest pains, sweating, faintness and trembling.

Hyperventilation-

Rapid, deep breathing.

Agoraphobia-

An excessive fear of open or public places.

Social phobia-

A severe avoidance of other people an a fear of doing anything in public.

Phobia-

A fear that interferes with normal living.

John B. Watson-

One of the founders of behaviorism, first to argue that phobia and intense fears are learned.

Exposure therapy (Systematic desensitization)-

A method of gradually exposing people to the object of their fear.

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder-

Has obsession and compulsion issues.

Obsession-

A repetitive, unwelcome stream of thought, such as worrying about doing something shameful.

Compulsion-

A repetitive, almost irresistible urge to an action.

Which of the following is most common for people with panic disorders?

Agoraphobia.

Panic disorders are associated with bursts of overactivity by which of these?
1. Corpus Callosum
2. Primary visual cortex
3. Sympathetic nervous system
4. Parasympathetic nervous system.

Sympathetic Nervous System.

What is unusual about avoidance learning, compared to other learning?

It continues even when there is no need for it.

In Watson and Rayner's experiment, what was the conditioned response?

Fear responses.

What happens if a monkey watches another monkey show fear?

It develops a fear of the same thing the other monkey fears.

The return of a phobia long after exposure therapy is comparable to which aspect of classical conditioning?

Spontaneous Recovery.

What is one reason why obsessive-compulsive checkers continue checking?

They distrust their memory.

Physical Dependence-

Suffering withdrawal symptoms when one abstains from a drug.

Addiction/Substance Use Disorder-

Unable to quit a self-destructive habit.

Psychological Dependence-

An insistent craving without physical withdrawal symptoms.

Alcoholics Anonymous (AA)-

A self-help group of people who are trying to abstain from alcohol use and help others do the same.

Methadone-

Can be offered as a substitute for other opiates.

Antabuse-

Disulfiram, available under the trade name, effective in treating alcoholism.

What characterizes physical dependence on a drug?

Abstaining from the drug produces withdrawal symptoms.

Why do many south Asians avoid drinking much alcohol?

They have a gene that slows the breakdown of alcohol.

How does early-onset alcoholism differ from later-onset alcoholism?

Early-onset alcoholism is mostly male, and it has a stronger genetic influence.

What kind of people are more likely than average to develop alcohol abuse?

People who can drink a fair amount before feeling intoxicated.

If someone injected methadone instead of swallowing it, what would happen?

It would produce effects similar to heroin or morphine.

If someone takes a placebo, but believes it is Antabuse, it can be effective anyway. Why?

Antabuse acts to reinforce a decision to avoid alcohol.

Major depression-

More extreme condition lasting weeks at a time, during which the person experiences sadness and a lack of interest pleasure or motivation.

Seasonal affective disorder (SAD)-

People repeatedly become depressed during a particular season of the year.

Tricyclic drugs-

Interferes with the axon's ability to reabsorb the neurotransmitters dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin after releasing them.

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors-

Have a similar effect, but block reuptake of any serotonin.

Monoamine oxidase inhibitors-

Block the metabolic breakdown of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin by the enzyme monoamine oxidase.

Electroconvulsive Therapy-

Brief electrical shock administered across the patient's head to induce a convulsion similar to epilepsy.

Bipolar disorder-

Someone alternates between mood extremes.

Mania-

Constantly active, uninhibited, often irritable, and sometimes cheerful but not necessarily.

Schizophrenia-

Exhibits a prolonged deterioration of daily activities such as work, social relations and self care. Hallucinations, delusions, disorganized speech and thought.

Positive Symptoms-

Hallucinations, delusions, thought disorder, and movement disorders.

Negative Symptoms-

Lack of emotional expression, lack of motivation, and lack of social interactions.

Hallucinations-

Perceptions that do not correspond to anything in the real world.

Delusion-

A belief that someone holds strongly despite evidence against it.

Delusion of perception-

A belief that enemies are persecuting you.

Delusion of grandeur-

A belief that you are unusually important.

Delusion of reference-

A tendency to take all sorts of messages personally.

Copy number variant-

A deletion or duplication of a small part of a chromosome.

Neurodevelopmental hypothesis-

Schizophrenia originates with nervous system impairments that develop before birth or in early childhood, influenced by either genetics or early environment especially prenatal environment.

Season-of-birth effect-

A person born in winter or early spring is slightly more likely to develop schizophrenia than a person born at other times.

Antipsychotic drug-

A drug that can relieve schizophrenia.

Dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia-

The idea that the underlying cause of schizophrenia is excessive release of the dopamine in certain brain areas.

Tardive dyskinesia-

A condition characterized by tremors and involuntary movement.

Second generation antipsychotic drugs-

Relieve schizophrenia while causing less risk of Tardive dyskinesia.

Autism spectrum disorders-

Impaired social relationships, impaired communications, stereotyped behaviors, resistance to change in routine, abnormal responses to stimuli.

Asperger's syndrome-

Distinguished autism from a mild condition.

Symptoms of depression-

People with depression find little interest or pleasure in life and they have trouble sleeping.

Biological aspects-

Depression can be caused by rare genetic mutations.

Antidepressant drugs-

Although antidepressants affect the synapses quickly, their behavioral effects begin after 2 or 3 weeks of treatment.

Depressed cognition-

Depression is related to a pessimistic cognitive style and a tendency to ruminate about unfavorable events.

Antidepressants or psychotherapy?

Antidepressants are convenient and less expensive than psychotherapy, but psychotherapy is more likely to produce long-lasting benefits.

What is meant by the "black-white paradox"?

Black people are less likely to have depression or anxiety disorders.

What is the probable genetic basis for depression, schizophrenia, and autism spectrum disorder?

Many cases result from rare mutations or copy number variants.

What part of a neuron is damaged in many cases of depression?
1. Mitochondria.
2. The sodium-potassium pump.
3. Cell membrane.
4. The nucleus.

The mitochondria.

What do most antidepressant drugs do?

Block reuptake of certain neurotransmitters.

How rapidly do most antidepressant drugs alter brain and mood?

They alter synaptic activity within hours, but they take weeks to alter mood.

Which of the following is a major disadvantage of ECT for depression?

Its benefits are usually temporary.

Which of the following helps to relieve depression?
1. Exercise
2. A vegan diet
3. Homeopathic medicines
4. Rumination

Exercise.

Which of the following is NOT a symptom of schizophrenia?
1. Alternating between one personality and another
2. Hallucinations and delusions
3. Lack of motivation
4. Deterioration of daily activities

Alternating between one personality and another.

What is meant by a positive symptom of schizophrenia?

Something noted by it's presence instead of absence.

Schizophrenia is more common in what kind of people?

More in men than women, more city than rural.

How do first generation antipsychotic drugs affect the brain?

They block dopamine synapses.

Research indicates that some cases of autism probably result from which of the following:
1. Cold, distant parents.
2. A smaller than average brain.
3. Exposure to bullying in elementary school.
4. Excessive exposure to pesticides and air pollutants in prenatal development.

Excessive exposure to pesticides and air pollutants in prenatal development.

Why do many people with autism act more normally with a fever?

Suppressed activity in the sensory cortex.

Psychotherapy-

A treatment of psychological disorders by methods that include a personal relationship between a trained therapist and a client.

Empirically supported treatments-

Therapists have felt pressured to test their methods and adopt empirically supported treatments (ESD).

Psychodynamic Therapies-

Attempt to understand conflicting impulses including unconscious ones.

Psychoanalysis-

Tries to bring unconscious thoughts, motivations and emotions to consciousness.

Free association-

The client says everything that comes to mind.

Dream analysis-

Seeking to understand symbolism in reported dreams.

Transference-

Clients transfer onto the therapist, the behaviors, the feelings they originally established toward their father, mother, or other important person.

Behavior therapy-

Begins with a clear, well defined goal- such as eliminating test anxiety and then attempts to achieve it through learning.

Cognitive therapy-

Seeks to improve psychological well-being by changing person's interpretations of events.

Cognitive behavior therapy-

Therapists set explicit behavioral goals but also try to change peoples interpretations of situations.

Person centered therapy (Non-directive or client centered)-

The therapist listens to the client with total acceptance and unconditional positive regard.

Family system therapies-

The guiding assumption is that most people's problems develop in a family setting; and the best way to deal with them is to improve family relationships and communication.

Eclectic therapy-

Use a combination of methods and approaches.

Group therapy-

Administered to several people at once.

Self help group-

Operates much like group therapy but without the therapist.

Spontaneous remission-

Improvement without therapy.

Prevention-

Avoiding a disorder from the start.