Psych Unit 8

psychological disorder

a syndrome marked by a clinically significant disturbance in an individual's cognition

attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

a psychological disorder marked by the appearance by age 7 of one or more of three key symptoms: extreme inattention

medical model

the concept that diseases

DSM-5

the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

anxiety disorders

psychological disorders characterized by distressing

generalized anxiety disorder

an anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense

panic disorder

an anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable

phobia

an anxiety disorder marked by a persistent

social anxiety disorder

intense fear of social situations

obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

a disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions).

agoraphobia

fear or avoidance of situations

posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

a disorder characterized by haunting memories

posttraumatic growth

positive psychological changes as a result of struggling with extremely challenging circumstances and life crises.

mood disorders

psychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes. See major depressive disorder

major depressive disorder

a mood disorder in which a person experiences

mania

a mood disorder marked by a hyperactive

bipolar disorder

a mood disorder in which a person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the over-excited state of mania. (Formerly called manic-depressive disorder.)

rumination

compulsive fretting; overthinking about our problems and their causes.

schizophrenia

a psychological disorder characterized by delusions

psychosis

a psychological disorder in which a person loses contact with reality

delusions

false beliefs

hallucinations

false sensory experiences

somatic symptom disorder

a psychological disorder in which the symptoms take a somatic (bodily) form without apparent physical cause. (See conversion disorder and illness anxiety disorder.)

conversion disorder

a disorder in which a person experiences very specific genuine physical symptoms for which no physiological basis can be found. (Also called functional neurological symptom disorder.)

illness anxiety disorder

a disorder in which a person interprets normal physical sensations as symptoms of a disease. (Formerly called hypochondriasis.)

dissociative disorders

disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories

dissociative identity disorder (DID)

a rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities. Formerly called multiple personality disorder.

anorexia nervosa

an eating disorder in which a person (usually an adolescent female) maintain a starvation diet despite being significantly (15 percent or more) underweight.

bulimia nervosa

an eating disorder in which a person alternates binge eating (usually of high-calorie foods) with purging (by vomit ing or laxative use) or fasting.

binge-eating disorder

significant binge-eating episodes

personality disorders

psychological disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning.

antisocial personality disorder

a personality disorder in which a person (usually a man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing

psychotherapy

treatment involving psychological techniques; consists of interactions between a trained therapist and someone seeking to overcome psychological difficulties or achieve personal growth.

biomedical therapy

prescribed medications or procedures that act directly on the person's physiology.

eclectic approach

an approach to psychotherapy that

psychoanalysis

Freud's therapeutic technique. Freud believed the patient's free associations

resistance

in psychoanalysis

interpretation

in psychoanalysis

transference

in psychoanalysis

psychodynamic therapy

therapy deriving from the psychoanalytic tradition that views individuals as responding to unconscious forces and childhood experiences

insight therapies

a variety of therapies that aim to improve psychological functioning by increasing a person's awareness of underlying motives and defenses.

client-centered therapy

a humanistic therapy

active listening

empathic listening in which the listener echoes

unconditional positive regard

a caring

behavior therapy

therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors.

counterconditioning

behavior therapy procedures that use classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors; include exposure therapies and aversive conditioning.

exposure therapies

behavioral techniques

systematic desensitization

a type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant

virtual reality exposure therapy

an anxiety treatment that progressively exposes people to electronic simulations of their greatest fears

aversive conditioning

a type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state (such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior (such as drinking alcohol).

token economy

an operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token of some sort for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange the tokens for various privileges or treats.

cognitive therapy

therapy that teaches people new

rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT)

a confrontational cognitive therapy

cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)

a popular integrative therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior).

group therapy

therapy conducted with groups rather than individuals

family therapy

therapy that treats the family as a system. Views an individual's unwanted behaviors as influenced by

regression toward the mean

the tendency for extreme or unusual scores to fall back (regress) toward their average.

meta-analysis

a procedure for statistically combining the results of many different research studies.

evidence-based practice

clinical decision making that integrates the best available research with clinical expertise and patient characteristics and preferences.

therapeutic alliance

a bond of trust and mutual understanding between a therapist and client

resilience

the personal strength that helps most people cope with stress and recover from adversity and even trauma.

psychopharmacology

the study of the effects of drugs on mind and behavior.

antipsychotic drugs

drugs used to treat schizophrenia and other forms of severe thought disorder.

antianxiety drugs

drugs used to control anxiety and agitation.

antidepressant drugs

drugs used to treat depression

electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

a biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient.

repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)

the application of repeated pulses of magnetic energy to the brain; used to stimulate or suppress brain activity.

psychosurgery

surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior.

lobotomy

a psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients. The procedure cut the nerves connecting the frontal lobes to the emotion-controlling centers of the inner brain.