APES Unit 5 Soil Conservation

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31 Terms

1

dust bowl

a nickname for the Great Plains regions hit by drought and dust storms in the early 1930s

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2

Homestead Act of 1862

Encouraged westward settlement

-led to a massive influx of new and inexperienced farmers across the Great Plains.

-poor farming techniques, prolonged drought, and high winds led to the dust storms that lasted for a decade

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3

soil conservation act f 1935

resulted from the dust bowl, established the Soil Erosion Service to help correct the enormous erosion problems in the Great Plains states

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4

best method of soil conservation

keep vegetation covering the ground

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5

conservative-tillage farming

minimizing the amount of tilling and plowing of soil

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6

terracing

creating level planting beds on sloped land to reduce erosion and increase water retention

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7

contour farming

planting crops across the slope of the land rather than up and down the slope

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8

strip cropping

alternating rows of harvested crop with another that completely covers the ground and/or enriches soil (a legume)

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9

intercropping

planting multiple species of plants which have different soil, light, and harvesting needs

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10

advantage of milpas (polyculture)

-different species makes it harder for a pest to spread from plant to plant

-larger leaves of squash help shade out weeds.

-squash and beans produce deterrent chemicals against pests.

-beans are legumes which enrich the soil with N.

-tall corn helps protect squash and beans from intense heat of sun.

-multiple harvesting times gives farmer product throughout the growing season.

-more roots in the ground year round reduces erosion!

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11

alley cropping/agroforestry

planting crops in "alleys" between trees and shrubs that provide protection from wind.

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12

windbreak

planting trees around fields for protection from wind.

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13

crop rotation

alternating soil degrading crops with soil restoring crops {legumes} after each growing season

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14

organic fertilizers

-animal manure (feces and urine)

-green manure (freshly cut plant matter)

-compost (broken down organic matter)

-increase nutrients and the water holding capacity of soil

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15

inorganic fertilizers

-replace N, P, K only

-without proper control, these can runoff and cause algal blooms in bodies of water

-algal blooms lead to a decrease in DO (dissolved oxygen)!

-release N2O (greenhouse gas)

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16

4 "r"s of fertilization

-right source (best fertilizer to meet plants' needs)

-right rate (correct amt--not more than needed)

-right time (based on weather/rain events to prevent run-off)

-right place (only where most needed)

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17

effects of soil erosion

seriously reduce agricultural and forestry production and degrade the quality of aquatic ecosystems.

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18

rachel carson

wrote silent spring which warned about the dangers of pesticides.

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19

what organisms are hurt by pesticides?

-beneficial insects like bees and butterflies are also harmed by broad spectrum pesticides.

-broad spectrum pesticides are designed to kill a large range of insects by interfering with insect physiology and/or reproduction.

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20

pesticides

(the killer of a pest) can be insecticides, herbicides, fungicides, or rodenticides.

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21

broad spectrum pesticides

toxic to many species.

-first broad spectrum pesticides were arsenic-based (lead arsenate).

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22

selective pesticides

specifically designed to kill a certain group of organisms.

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23

first generation pesticides

are/were toxic inorganic compounds made by humans. compounds were based on toxins found in plants

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24

second generation pesticides

synthetic organic chemicals that humans create in labs

-DDT, a chlorinated hydrocarbon, was the 1st one

-atrazine is common pesticide used today

-neonicotinoids are newer insecticides that were originally thought to be less harmful to ecosystems, HOWEVER they are especially toxic to bees

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25

pesticides vary in persistence...

=how long that chemical remains in the environment.

-many persistent pesticides are dioxins/ chlorinated hydrocarbons.

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26

DDT

-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroETHANE

-dioxin and remains present, in the environment, for decades.

-causes the thinning of eggshells in birds, which was one factor that led to the bald eagle population becoming endangered.

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27

dioxins

-biologically magnify; and it is thought that all humans have trace dioxin levels stored in our fat.

-dioxins are endocrine disruptors, which interfere with sexual development and reproduction.

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28

IPM

integrated pest management, alternative to chemical pesticides

-takes into consideration the entire ecology of a pest situation.

-when using IPM, a farmer develops a control strategy to minimize economic losses.

-IPM minimizes threats to human health but may be complex and expensive.

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29

physical controls

IPM strategy, factors that influence the habitat like crop rotation or intercropping

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30

biological controls

IPM strategy, assisting a predator or competitor of the pest by using insect pheromones or food to attract the predator or competitor; bat boxes; planting plants that produce natural deterrent chemicals

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31

chemical controls

IPM strategy, some pesticide or herbicide used as minimally as possible

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