AP Euro History Period 2 (1648-1815) Review

Louis XIV

• 1643-1715, King of France

• absolute monarch

• Versailles

• revoked Edict of Nantes

Jean-Baptiste Colbert

• first minister of state of France

• controlled finances under Louis XIV

• developed trade

Peter the Great

• 1682-1725, Emperor of Russia

• known for reforms and projects he took to westernize Russia (Western fashion requirements in court, attempts to end arranged marriages)

• military victories over Ottoman Empire and Sweden

Catherine the Great

• 1762-1796, Empress of Russia

• established education reform

• supported the arts

• expanded Russian territory

John Locke

• English philosopher and physician

• believed in limited government

• we’re born with inalienable natural rights, fundamental natural rights – “life, liberty, property”

• natural rights – governments have obligations to their citizens, have only limited power over their citizens, and can ultimately be overthrown

Voltaire

• French writer

• emphasized religious tolerance, separation of church and state

• supported a constitutional monarchy that protects people’s rights

Diderot

• French philosopher

• Encyclopédie, to gather all available knowledge

• believed that moral improvement of humanity would directly result in progress of civilization

Rousseau

• philosopher and writer from Geneva, Switzerland

• all power goes to the people, exercising their general will (direct democracy)

• Social Contract, questioned the purpose and place of government and its responsibilities for its citizens

Adam Smith

• Scottish moral philosopher and a pioneer of political economy

• known as the “father of modern economics”

• Wealth of Nations, capitalism

Louis XVI

• King of France

• executed during French Revolution

Robespierre

• spearheaded the Reign of Terror, leader of French Revolution

• member of the Committee of Public Safety

Toussaint L’Ouverture

successfully led the slave revolt in the French colony of Haiti

Napoleon

• emperor of France from 1804-1814

• Napoleonic Code – recognized principles of civil liberty and equality before the law

• regarded as a great military leader

• forced to abdicate his throne

Absolute Monarchy

• traditional  assumption of power (hereditary throne) and belief in divine right of kings

• principles: administrative power, financial power, religious power, military power

Constitutional Monarchy

government power limited by law; balance between power of government rights of individuals

Rise of Absolutism

• weakened influence of Catholic Church, growing acceptance and tolerance of Protestant practice

• merchant classes expanding rapidly during period of global trade, desired economic and political stability

Intendant System

Louis XIV’s intendants implemented Louis’ policies which undermined the authority of local governors and the nobility

English Civil War (1642-1651)

• fought between Charles I and Parliament

• disagreements on balance of power

Long Parliament

• Triennial Act: forced the King to call Parliament into session at least once every 3 weeks, thus creating more limits on the power of the King

Oliver Cromwell

• member of the House of Commons

• led parliamentary army against the King

• kicked out any members that opposed him

Rump Parliament

• members left in Parliament after Cromwell’s removal of those who opposed him

• tried Charles I for treason and beheaded him