AP Bio Unit 1

Water

Water consists of 2 hydrogen atoms covalently bonded to one oxygen atom Mickey Mouse
Polar Molecule - molecule with uneven charge

Adhesion - water molecules stick to solid surfaces graduated cylinder
Cohesion - water molecules stick to other other water molecules
Water has a high surface tension
Capillary action - when water molecules move upward through narrow tubes
Water has a high specific heat
Constant temp 98.6
Water expands when it freezes
pH - a scale used to determine if an aqueous solution is an acid or a base (H+) (OH-) In pure water same amount
Acid - donate H+ to solution
Base - Substance that donates OH- or accept H+ to a solution, sometimes called alkaline, bleach, ammonia
Buffers - Substances that minimize concentrations of H+ and OH- in a solution. Donate H+ when pH goes up and accept H+ when pH goes down.

Study of carbon based molecules
Carbon is very versatile
Hydrocarbons - Molecules that contain only carbon and hydrogen
The simplest hydrocarbon is methane
Isomer - Molecules with the same molecular formulas but different structural formulas.
3 types of isomers are : structural, geometric, enantiomers
Structural isomers - Differ in the covalent arrangement of their atoms
Geometric isomers - Covalent partnerships of atoms are the same, but differ in their special arrangement
Enantiomers - Also called stereoisomers. Molecules that are mirror images.