First Wave Industrialization vs. Second Wave Industrialization - AP Euro Unit 6

Time Period of the First Wave

About 1750 to 1850

Time Period of the Second Wave

About 1870 to 1910

Major Fuels of the First Wave

• Water

• Steam

• Coal

Major Fuels of the Second Wave

• Fossil fuels/petroleum

• Electricity

Major Products and Industries of the First Wave

• Textiles (primarily cotton)

• Iron

• Coal mining

Major Products and Industries of the Second Wave

• Steel

• Chemical

• Pharmaceutical

New Technology of the First Wave

• Seed drill

• Spinning jenny

• Water frame

• Steam engine 

• Railroads

New Technology of the Second Wave

• Cars/internal combustion engine

• Assembly line

• Light bulb

• Artificial dyes

• Bessemer process (making steel production easier)

• Public transportation

• Fertilizer

Social Effects of the First Wave

• Urbanization

• Enclosure of public spaces

• Rural unemployment

• Pollution

• Cottage industries

• Luddites

• Diseases (cholera)

• Emigration

Social Effects of the Second Wave

• Agricultural poverty

• Birth rate goes down (people don’t need kids for labor)

• Life expectancy goes up (healthier diets)

• Women in white-collar positions (ex. secretaries) → Reinforces the idea of the domestic sphere

Leading Nations and Spread of the First Wave

• Great Britain spreading to Germany

• Low countries

Leading Nations and Spread of the Second Wave

• Germany (mainly Prussia)

• US

• Japan

Government Role in First Wave

Tariffs to encourage domestic industrialization

Government Role in Second Wave

• Tariffs

• Cartels (states encourage companies to join together to set prices → monopolies) 

• Government funded capital (banks)